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West Indies lobby

From 1788–1792, the pro-slavery West Indies lobby (which included the Duke of Clarence, one of the sons of King George III) organised a fight back against the abolitionists.

The lobby was made up of individuals who owned plantations in the West Indies and those who profited from the slave trade in some other way, whether directly or indirectly. The West Indies lobby monitored abolitionist activities in newspapers and magazines. They then employed writers of their own to respond by circulating pro-slavery letters and articles in the same newspapers.

The lobby had questionable success. They were able to block abolitionist bills in Parliament because many MPs owned property connected with the slave trade.

However, the West Indies lobby was a minority motivated by financial gain, whereas the abolitionists had a strong moral cause which gradually turned into a popular movement. Often the abolitionists had such strong evidence against slavery (eg the Brookes diagram) which was harder to counter.

Effects of the French Revolution

The French Revolution delayed the abolitionist campaign for several reasons:

• French revolutionary ideas of liberty and freedom became linked with the arguments of the abolitionists. This alarmed the British government who made it difficult for the abolitionists to hold meetings.
• In 1793, Britain became involved in the French Revolutionary Wars. To oppose the slave trade during a major war seemed unpatriotic (disloyal to your country) to many and the abolitionists lost support.
• Britain needed ships and sailors to protect itself and the Empire at times of war. The slave trade was seen as the ‘nursery of seamen’ – it provided training for sailors joining the Royal Navy.
• Britain needed a lot of money to pay for the war with France. Ending the slave trade would cost the country too much money.

Rebellions of enslaved people

A revolt of enslaved people on the French colony of Saint Domingue frightened the British government. They thoughts steps towards abolition would encourage more enslaved people to rebel. Led by Toussant L’ouverture the freed enslaved people set up an independent nation called Haiti.