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The different types of movement that are permitted at each joint are described below.

Flexion – bending a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint decreases. For example, the elbow flexes when performing a biceps curl.

Extension – straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint increases, for example, at the elbow when putting a shot.

Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder joints during a jumping jack movement.

Adduction – movement towards the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder, returning the arms and legs back to their original position from a jumping jack movement.

Circumduction – this is where the limb moves in a circle. This occurs at the shoulder joint during an overarm tennis serve.

Rotation – this is where the limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed joint towards or away from the midline of the body. This occurs in the hip in golf while performing a drive shot.

Plantar flexion – pointing the toes – this movement only occurs at the ankle, for example, pointing the toes in ballet.

Dorsiflexion – the foot moves towards the shin as if you are pulling your toes up. This movement only occurs at the ankle.

The table summarises the body locations and types of movements associated with each type of joint.