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Waves are one way in which energy may be transferred between stores. Both mechanical and electromagnetic waves will transfer energy but not matter.

Waves may be transverse or longitudinal. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves with a wide range of properties and uses. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

All waves will reflect and refract in the right circumstances. The reflection and refraction of light explains how people see images, colour and even optical illusions.

Sound is caused by the vibration of particles but not all vibrations can be heard as sound. Common ideas about sound come from the limited range of vibrations that human ears can detect.

Lenses are precisely shaped pieces of glass that have been developed and used in corrective glasses, telescopes, microscopes, binoculars, and magnifying glasses.

All objects are continually absorbing and emitting infrared radiation. Black bodies are perfect absorbers and emitters of radiation.

Understanding how to approach exam questions helps boost exam performance. Questions will include multiple choice, descriptions and explanations, using mathematical skills and extended writing.