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What is a phoneme?

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. For example, in the word ‘dog’, there are three ‎units of sound: D-O-G.

In French, there are some phonemes that are different to English ones. Here are ten ‎of the most useful French phonemes:

Consonants

‎1. j and g (followed by i or e)‎

In French, the letter j sounds like the letter s in the English word television.‎

Je joue au foot le jeudi - I play football on Thursdays.‎

When a g is followed by e or i, it has the same sound.‎

La girafe est gigantesque mais gentille - The giraffe is huge but nice/friendly.‎
‎(Emphasis on the letters in italics.)‎

‎2. ch

In French, the letters ch make the sound sh.‎

• chou - cabbage
• chaussures - shoes
• cloche - bell

‎3. ����‎

Sometimes, the letters il in French can make the sound ‘eey’ in English, for example in ‎the following words:‎

• famille - family
• billet - note, ticket
• fille - girl
• vanille - vanilla

‎4. ����‎

The letters gn sound like n followed by y. For example:‎

• signe - sign
• campagne - countryside
• montagne - mountain

‎5. ���‎

When a French word starts with qu, it is almost always pronounced k, rather than 'kw' (as ‎it often is in English).‎

Il est quatre heures et quart - It’s quarter past four.‎

There are a few exceptions to this rule, as in the words aquarium and aquatique.‎

‎6. ��‎

In French, when there is an r at the start (and often in the middle) of a word, the r sound ‎comes from the back of your throat. At the very end of a word, it is usually silent.‎

Robert aime manger les raisins et regarder les films romantiques - Robert likes eating ‎grapes and watching romantic films.‎

Vowels

‎7. Nasal vowels

When a vowel is followed by m or n in French, they become ‘nasal’ and the m or n isn’t ‎pronounced. ‎‘Nasal’ means that they are pronounced using the nose and sound a little bit like they ‎would if you had a cold!‎

Le garçon est dans un champ avec son chien - The boy is in a field with his dog.‎

‎8. o

The phoneme o can be made up of a number of different letter combinations in French, ‎such as ‘eau’, ‘au’ ‘aux’ and simply using o.‎

• eau - water
• ��â��eau - cake
• gauche - left
• journaux- newspapers
• mot - word ‎

‎9. ���‎

Many words with the letters eu are pronounced similarly to the ‘er’ in teacher in English.‎

• beurre - butter
• s�ճ�r - sister
• heure - hour

‎10. oo

There is a small, but important, difference between the oo sound in the French words tu ‎‎(you) and tout (everything). The oo sound in tout is longer and more rounded than the ‎shorter oo sound in tu. Here are some examples of both sounds:‎

• tu - you
• tout - everything
• rue - street ‎
• roue - wheel ‎
• bu - drunk (past participle of ‘boire’ - to drink)‎
• boue - mud