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Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Atoms can exist on their own or together as molecules. Atoms are very small and around 100,000,000 of them end to end would measure one centimetre.

Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. The numbers of subatomic particles in an atom can be calculated from its atomic number and mass number.

Organisms are made up of cells. Most organisms are multicellular and have cells that are specialised. Microscopes produce magnified images of cells.

For an organism to function, substances must move into and out of cells. Three processes contribute to this movement – diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

There are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes (sex cells).

Waves are one way in which energy may be transferred between stores. Both mechanical and electromagnetic waves will transfer energy without matter being transferred.

Understanding how to approach exam questions helps to boost exam performance. Question types will include multiple choice, structured, mathematical and practical questions.