大象传媒

Issues of complaint

Impartiality

Complainants raised two distinct issues in relation to impartiality:

1.听that the concept of 鈥渄ue impartiality鈥� (defined in the Editorial Guidelines as 鈥�adequate and appropriate to the output, taking account of the subject and nature of the content, the likely audience expectation and any signposting that may influence that expectation鈥�) does not justify the inclusion in the article of contributions from people or organisations considered by complainants to be transphobic;

2.听that the article did not include the range of viewpoints necessary for impartial coverage of a controversial subject, about which the Editorial Guidelines say:

A 鈥榗ontroversial subject鈥� may be a matter of public policy or political or industrial controversy. It may also be a controversy within religion, science, finance, culture, ethics or any other matter.

In determining whether subjects are controversial, we should take account of:

路听听听听听听 the level of public and political contention and debate
路听听听听听听 how topical the subject is
路听听听听听听 sensitivity in terms of relevant audiences鈥� beliefs and culture
路听听听听听听 whether the subject is a matter of intense debate or importance in a particular nation, region, community or discrete area likely to comprise at least a significant part of the audience
路听听听听听听 a reasonable view on whether the subject is serious
路听听听听听听 the distinction between matters grounded in fact and those which are a matter of opinion.

When dealing with 鈥榗ontroversial subjects鈥�, we must ensure a wide range of significant views and perspectives are given due weight and prominence, particularly when the controversy is active.听

In relation to 1, some complainants offered an analogy between racist or homophobic views and the inclusion of views they considered transphobic, pointing out that due impartiality does not require representation of the racist or homophobic viewpoints when race or sexual orientation are the subject of news coverage.听 The听 Head of the ECU considered these analogies unhelpful because of the extent to which there remains controversy about what constitutes a transphobic view, the controversy itself reflecting the extent to which it is argued that claims by or on behalf of trans people conflict with claims by or on behalf of other groups which have suffered prejudice, disadvantage or victimisation.听 He therefore did not accept that the inclusion of the contributions objected to could not be justified in terms of due impartiality 鈥� though how far impartiality was in fact at issue here is a question considered below.

In relation to 2, it is important to be clear about the subject addressed by the article, which was probably the first in mainstream UK media to explore the reported experience of some lesbians of pressure to have sex with trans women.听 Whether there are or are not concerns in this area is not a controversial topic, but a question of fact.听 The evidence included in the article (even without reference to other evidence gathered by the author but not included) was such as to establish that there are such concerns.听 It might well have been foreseen that reporting of this fact would give rise to controversy, for example about the incidence or significance of the phenomenon reported on, but that does not make it of itself a 鈥渃ontroversial subject鈥� requiring the inclusion of 鈥�a wide range of significant views and perspectives鈥� to be reflected.听

The topic of the article nevertheless relates to a subject which could be regarded as controversial because it is a matter of 鈥�debate or importance in a particular鈥ommunity鈥�, namely whether the preference of some lesbians not to have trans women as sexual partners is legitimate or, as some argue, a manifestation of transphobia.听 The author approached a number of people and organisations who might have given voice to that view but, apart from Stonewall (which provided a statement which was reflected in the article), they did not wish to contribute.听 Their views were nonetheless represented on the basis of what they had already said on the public record, either in the body of the article (in the case of Stonewall and Veronica Ivy) or in the section headed 鈥淲ho else was approached?鈥�.听 The Head of the ECU considered this sufficient to meet the requirements of due impartiality insofar as they applied to the article.

Accuracy

The Editorial Guidelines say:听

The 大象传媒 is committed to achieving due accuracy in all its output鈥he term 鈥榙ue鈥� means that the accuracy must be adequate and appropriate to the output, taking account of the subject and nature of the content, the likely audience expectation and any signposting that may influence that expectation

The principal issue of complaint in relation to accuracy was that the evidential basis for suggesting pressure from trans women posed a significant problem for lesbians was inadequate.听 In this connection, the Head of the ECU noted that the headline 鈥淲e鈥檙e being pressured into sex by some trans women鈥� 听(which was not written by the author of the article) gave the impression that the focus of the article would be on pressure applied by trans women, whereas its focus was at least as much on internalised pressure experienced by some lesbians as a result of a climate of opinion (as they perceived it) within the LGBT community, rather than pressure directly applied by trans women.听 Only one of the named contributors who spoke about their own experiences[1] implicated a trans woman as a possible source of pressure, and that was in a context in which she had already internalised the belief that lesbians should be open to dating trans women (similarly, the unnamed respondent to a Get the L Out questionnaire who claimed to have been raped by a trans woman described herself as already 鈥渂rainwashed by queer theory鈥�).听 In the Head of the ECU鈥檚 view the headline gave a somewhat misleading impression of the article itself, and it appeared from many of the complaints that this had contributed to an understanding of the article as more focused on the conduct of trans women than was in fact the case.听 To that extent, it fell below the 大象传媒鈥檚 standards of due accuracy.听

Complaints also drew attention to article鈥檚 inclusion of data produced by Get The L Out in 2019 (on the basis of the survey mentioned above).听 The 大象传媒鈥檚 Editorial Guidance on 鈥淥pinion polls, surveys, questionnaires, votes and 鈥榮traw polls鈥欌�� says:

When a survey has been commissioned by an outside body with an interest in the issue, the audience should be told and we should exercise real scepticism in how we treat it鈥� If [surveys] are of no statistical value and appear to have been promoted only to generate attention for a particular cause or publication, we should exercise real scepticism and consider not using them at all, especially when they are concerned with serious or controversial issues.

The Get the L Out questionnaire鈥檚 findings, as reported in the article (for example, that 56% of those who responded 鈥渞eported being pressured or coerced to accept a trans woman as a sexual partner鈥�) tended to give the impression that pressure to have sex with trans women, whether from individual trans women or from an activist consensus, was a widespread, or even a majority, experience among lesbians.听 In the Head of the ECU鈥檚 judgement, however, it provided an insufficient basis for that impression.听 The questionnaire was sent to a small number of 鈥渨omen only鈥� and 鈥渓esbian only鈥� groups, and only around a third of its 80 respondents were from the UK. 听The article included some caveats, for example by acknowledging that 鈥渢he sample may not be representative of the wider lesbian community鈥� and by describing Get the L Out as an organisation whose members 鈥渂elieve the rights of lesbians are being ignored by much of the current LGBT movement鈥� and which had been accused of "bigotry, ignorance and hate".听 However, these did not seem to us to go far enough to make clear to readers the survey鈥檚 lack of statistical validity or the extent to which Get the L Out has an agenda (as an organisation which believes 鈥渢ransactivism erases lesbians, and silences and demonises lesbians who dare to speak out鈥�) which the results of the survey appeared to serve.听 To the extent that the article failed to exercise the appropriate degree of scepticism in its treatment of the survey, it fell below the 大象传媒鈥檚 standards of due accuracy.

With these two points in mind, the Head of the ECU went on to consider the argument put by a number of complainants that the article conveyed an impression of the scale and seriousness of the issue it explored which went beyond what could be justified on the basis of its evidence, which was principally anecdotal and, insofar as it emanated from organisations and individuals with an anti-trans agenda, to be viewed with scepticism.听 He agreed that the article鈥檚 evidence base was not such as to support the impression that 鈥渂eing pressured into sex鈥� was a widespread experience for lesbians in the context of their relations with trans women, and noted the following statements in the article cited by complainants as giving the impression that it was:

Several people got in touch with me to say there was a "huge problem" for lesbians, who were being pressured to "accept the idea that a penis can be a female sex organ". (Author)

We know a minority, but still a sizeable minority of trans women, do pressure lesbians to go out with them and have sex with them鈥� (Bev Jackson, LGB Alliance)

Though he accepted that both statements were capable of conveying the impression complained of, there were factors which seemed to him to qualify the extent to which they would have done so.听 In the first case, the view that there was 鈥渁 huge problem鈥� was clearly attributed to people who had contacted the author after reading a previous article of hers[2], so was not presented as a conclusion of the author鈥檚.听 In the second, the author went on to question the contributor on the basis for saying 鈥渁 sizeable minority鈥�, which drew an admission from the contributor that 鈥淲e have no figures鈥�.听 Taking these qualifications together with the author鈥檚 acknowledgement towards the beginning of the article that, in the virtual absence of research, 鈥渋t has been difficult to determine the true scale of the problem鈥�, the Head of the ECU did not believe the statements cited above would have added significantly to the misleading impression arising from the article鈥檚 headline and its treatment of the Get The L Out survey, and he found no further breach of due accuracy in this respect.

Some complainants argued that it was inaccurate and misleading for the author to write 鈥淚n addition to Veronica Ivy, I contacted several other high profile trans women who have either written or spoken about sex and relationships. 听None of them wanted to speak to me鈥�, on the grounds that Chelsea Poe had agreed to be interviewed (though, in the event, no extracts from the interview were used in the article[3]).听听 Whether the description 鈥渉igh profile鈥� fits a particular trans woman is clearly a matter of judgement, in which there may be a subjective element.听 So, although the Head of the ECU accepted that some would regard Chelsea Poe as fitting the description, he did not believe it would be a serious inaccuracy to describe her otherwise.听 Nor did he believe the question materially affected the point being made by the author, based as it was on contacting ten trans women she regarded as high profile, and who would have represented the view that lesbians should be open to dating trans women with penises, none of whom agreed to be interviewed.听 He noted that the views of some of them, drawn from what they had put on the public record, were reflected in the section of the article introduced by the passage quoted above (鈥淲ho else was approached?鈥�).

Harm and Offence

The principal issue of complaint for many was that the article presented a harmful and negative stereotype in relation to the behaviour of trans women, and in doing so was transphobic.听

The 大象传媒鈥檚 guidelines on Harm and Offence and Portrayal say that content broadcast or published by the 大象传媒 may reflect, but should not perpetuate, the prejudice which exists in our society; and that output which includes views which might incite hatred or cause offence must have a clear editorial justification and include appropriate challenge and/or appropriate context. 听

In judging how far the article complied with these editorial standards, the Head of the听 ECU first considered the extent to which it concerned behaviour which would be likely to convey a harmful and negative impression of those said to be engaged in it.听 He noted that, though the concept of pressure to have sex, invoked by the headline, could be regarded as implying impropriety on the part of those supposedly applying the pressure, there is nevertheless a distinction between coercion (which would generally be regarded as reprehensible) and persuasion or advocacy and that there could well be instances where one party experienced as pressure what the other party regarded in good faith as legitimate persuasion.听 The article included one instance of behaviour which could only be regarded as coercive (if accurately reported), in the case of the unnamed respondent to the Get The L Out questionnaire who claimed to have been raped by a trans woman, but there was no suggestion that this reflected on the behaviour of trans women in general.听 听In the only other case implicating a trans woman as a possible source of pressure the contributor (鈥淐丑濒辞别鈥�) offered no reflection on the trans woman鈥檚 conduct beyond allowing the inference that she had persisted in her attentions despite the contributor 鈥渞epeatedly explaining she was not interested鈥�, and described the pressure she experienced mainly in terms of her own response to 鈥渢he language of the time鈥� and what she took to be the prevalent attitude in LBGT community.听

While the Head of the ECU acknowledged that some might consider such an attitude reprehensible on account of the experience of pressure to which it apparently contributed in the case of some contributors to the article, this is clearly not the view of those who argue that the preference of some lesbians not to have trans women as sexual partners is a manifestation of transphobia 鈥� a viewpoint illustrated by the quotations in the 鈥淲ho else was approached?鈥� section of the article.听 He therefore concluded that (with the exception of the sole claim of rape) the article did not impute to trans women, in general or individually, behaviour which can only be regarded as reprehensible, and that in the eyes of many trans women and advocates it is the preference of some lesbians, rather than the conduct of those who seek relationships with them, which is open to criticism. 听It follows from this that the Head of the ECU did not believe the article presented a harmful and negative stereotype in relation to the behaviour of trans women, risked inciting hatred or gave reasonable grounds for offence. 听It also follows that the elements of inaccuracy identified earlier in this finding would not have contributed towards the creation of a harmful or negative stereotype, even though they may have conduced to an exaggerated impression of the incidence of the concerns addressed in the article.

Some complainants raised an additional concern that providing a link to the report from Get the L Out was a breach of the 大象传媒鈥檚 standards, in that the report contains offensive and transphobic language. 听The relevant 大象传媒 Guidance says that where 大象传媒 content offers links to external sites, concerns about 鈥減otential breaches of the law鈥� should be taken into account, and that in some cases it may be appropriate to add a specific disclaimer or otherwise alert the user to controversial or challenging material.

The guidance does not say links to potentially offensive material should never be provided, or that an explicit warning should always offered.听 The text on the page made clear the organisation was considered by some to be transphobic, and the report itself was described in terms which made the controversy attaching to it clear:

While welcomed by some in the LGBT community, Angela鈥檚 report was described as transphobic by others.

鈥淸People said] we are worse than rapists because we [supposedly] try to frame every trans woman as a rapist,鈥� said Angela.听

Given this context it is unlikely anyone following the link (to a page hosting the report, rather than the report itself) would have been unprepared for encountering language of the kind complained of.听 Accordingly the Head of the ECU did not believe the inclusion of the link or the omission of a specific disclaimer about it amounted to a breach of the 大象传媒鈥檚 editorial standards.

Some complainants drew attention to what they regarded as misgendering or bioessentialist language offensive to trans people.听 Of the examples given, one seemed to the Head of the ECU to rest on a misconception.听 The contributor 鈥淛ennie鈥� was quoted as saying 鈥淚've had someone saying they would rather kill me than Hitler鈥hey said they would strangle me with a belt if they were in a room with me and Hitler. That was so bizarrely violent, just because I won't have sex with trans women鈥�, and her use of 鈥渢丑别测鈥� was understood by some as deliberately casting doubt on the gender of a trans woman.听 However, 鈥淛ennie鈥� said nothing to indicate that the comments in question were made by a trans woman, and the Head of the ECU saw no basis for assuming that they had been.听 Consequently, he did not accept that this was an instance of misgendering.听 Other examples included contributors referring to trans women as 鈥渂iologically male鈥� or having 鈥渕补濒别鈥� characteristics, but in no instance did this amount to a denial that trans women were women in fact and in law.听 While the Head of the ECU appreciated that such references were nevertheless capable of giving offence, he believed their inclusion was warranted by the editorial intention of providing insight into the experience and feelings of the contributors concerned.听听 He found no example of misgendering or bioessentialist language in the author鈥檚 own words.

A number of complainants argued it was inappropriate for the article (in its original form) to include an interview with the lesbian porn star and director Lily Cade, on the basis of her previous sexual conduct and the transphobic views she posted online after the 大象传媒 article was published. Those responsible for the 大象传媒 article have said they were unaware of Ms Cade鈥檚 transphobic views before the article was published and claim there was no reasonable basis on which the views she subsequently expressed could be foreseen.听 They have confirmed there was no indication in their dealings with her which would have alerted them to the fact she held particular views about trans women, or might have any mental health issues.听 They acknowledged, however, that she had admitted to behaviour which she now recognised as sexually abusive in a Zoom conversation in September 2020, which had escaped attention by the time the article was ready for publication over a year later.听 In the context of the article, this information would have helped readers to judge her comments in the light of her own actions, and it was regrettable that it was not included.听 Once the issues of Ms Cade鈥檚 sexual conduct and subsequent online comments came to light, however, her contribution was removed from the article, and the following update was added to it on 4 November 2021:

We have updated this article, published last week, to remove a contribution from one individual in light of comments she has published on blog posts in recent days, which we have been able to verify.

We acknowledge that an admission of inappropriate behaviour by the same contributor should have been included in the original article.

The Head of the ECU judged this to be an appropriate response in the circumstances, and sufficient to resolve the issues of complaint in this respect.听 A number of complainants considered the update did not give sufficient detail of the reason why Ms Cade鈥檚 contribution had been removed but the 大象传媒 has to consider how to describe offensive material without repeating and perpetuating any offence it may cause, and the Head of the ECU believed the absence of detail was justified in this instance.听

Also in this connection, some complainants referred to claims that the 大象传媒 should have been aware of the issues in connection with Ms Cade because Chelsea Poe had referred to them in her interview with the author. 听The Head of the ECU listened to a recording of the entire interview and found that Ms Poe referred to Ms Cade in the context of her experience seven years previously when considering an offer of work from a production company for whom Ms Cade was directing films, but did not do so in terms which suggested Ms Cade was transphobic and did not mention her admission of sexual abuse. 听听Accordingly the Head of the ECU found no basis for the claims that Ms Poe had alerted to the 大象传媒 to the relevant issued in relation to Ms Cade.听

Summary of findings

The Head of the ECU found that the article, though a legitimate piece of journalism overall, fell below the 大象传媒鈥檚 standards of accuracy in two respects: the headline gave听 the misleading impression that the focus of the article would be on pressure applied by trans women, and the treatment of the survey conducted by Get the L Out did not make sufficiently clear that it lacked statistical validity. He also found a breach of standards in connection with one contribution to the article (subsequently removed) which he considered to have been appropriately addressed by an update added to the article.听 The complaints were therefore partly upheld in relation to accuracy and resolved in relation to the deleted contribution.

听

[1] 鈥淐丑濒辞别鈥�

[2] 鈥淪ex, lies and legal consent: Can deceit turn sex into rape?鈥�, /news/uk-england-49127545

[3] Some complainants asked for an explanation of why the interview was not used.听 Having listened to the recording, we agree with the author that it contained nothing which shed such light on the issues addressed in the article as to warrant inclusion.