Aberfan
The mistake that cost a village its children
鈥淭he past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.鈥
The phrase is one of the most enduring and quoted of modern literature, an almost proverbial reference to the archaic and bygone.
It is the opening line of LP Hartley鈥檚 1953 novel The Go-Between, an eerie story set 50 years on from a tumultuous experience of an adolescent boy; an experience so devastating it propelled him prematurely into adulthood and ruined the rest of his life.
The story of what happened in the south Wales mining village of Aberfan is a devastating one which dealt a similar fate to the children who survived it.
It too is a story for which Hartley鈥檚 opening line could not be more pertinent.
It is exactly 50 years since tragedy swooped down on Aberfan killing 116 children and 28 adults.
Revisiting the "obscenity" of 21 October 1966, and its aftermath is a stark reminder of the incongruities of the past.
Health and safety, counselling, accountability, litigation, compensation 鈥 at times met with derision 鈥 are the tenets of our modern day.
Aberfan is an upsetting reminder of perhaps why and how much our society changed so much in little over a generation.
Friday, 21 October 1966
09:00
鈥淥ur valley was going black, and the slag heap had grown so much it was half-way along to our house. Young I was and small I was, but young or small I knew it was wrong, and I said so to my father.鈥
- How Green Was My Valley by Richard Llewellyn
In the village of Aberfan in the heart of the south Wales coalfield it was raining; as hard and unrelentingly as it had been for days, running into weeks.
As the children left the coal-fire warmth of home they emerged into streets shrouded with a dense, cold fog.
Mothers waved goodbye from the doorstep, never imagining in their worst nightmares that it would be for the last time.
The 240 pupils of the Victorian red brick Pantglas Junior School wound their way through the gullies, the back lanes of the miners鈥 terrace houses, crunching over layers of sodden clinker swept from the hearth and tipped there on a daily basis.
Pantglas Junior School
As the children congregated for morning assembly, they were excited.
At midday the half-term holiday would begin.
Their daily rendition of 鈥楢ll Things Bright and Beautiful鈥 鈥 a hymn written a few miles away in the bucolic tranquillity of the Usk Valley 鈥 was postponed that day.
They would sing it before they went home when the head teacher planned to wish her pupils a safe and enjoyable holiday.
The children filed into classrooms.
And so the world turned in Aberfan much as it had done for the past 100 years, when the community burgeoned around the Merthyr Vale colliery which began in 1869.
Victorian miners in the Rhondda use naked flames which caused explosions due to 'firedamp' (inflammable gases)
Merthyr Vale was one of the largest of more than 600 coal mines which plundered the once picturesque green Valleys for 鈥榖lack gold鈥.
The back-breaking toil of miners stoked the industrial revolution and more recently powered Britain through World War Two.
By 1966, however, the coal industry had been in decline for 30 years in favour of oil and several pits had shut. In Aberfan though, the mine鈥檚 head-frame sheave wheel still turned, driving the life-blood of the community.
1936: South Wales miners, forbidden from carrying matches, light up in the tobacconist's
The workforce had fallen from its peak of 2,000-plus to about 800; still a sizeable proportion of breadwinners for the 8,000-or-so population of the three villages of Aberfan, Merthyr Vale and Mount Pleasant which made up the collective community known as Ynysowen, five miles from the former iron capital of the world, Merthyr Tydfil.
Pit jobs kept Aberfan thriving 鈥 butchers, grocers, clothiers, banks, a co-operative department store, cinema, library, recreational hall and pubs and working men鈥檚 clubs galore.
Aberfan Road in 1929
On Sundays though it was the turn of the village鈥檚 nine chapels, churches and gospel halls to do a roaring trade; Wales鈥 fervent religious tradition held strong.
But Christianity had competition.
The National Coal Board (NCB) wielded a god-like power.
Since taking control of UK mining, nationalised in 1947, the NCB was revered as the salvation for a dwindling coal industry.
It had a firm grip on central government and the Labour-entrenched local governments of south Wales via its employees and union officials who served as councillors.
Minor miners
In the post-war corporatist climate of the 1960s, it was held in what now seems uncomfortable reverence.
The working man knew his place; authority knew best.
But as the events of that day were to demonstrate, that was far from the truth.
Wales鈥 mining communities were no stranger to tragedy.
Death and danger was part of the fabric of life and had bred a peculiar fatalism.
About 6,000 had been killed in pit accidents in Wales since the late 1800s 鈥 explosions at Senghenydd in 1913 which killed 439, Gresford 1934 where 266 perished and at Six Bells in 1960 where 45 lost their lives - yet such incidents accounted for only 17% of the total mine-related deaths.
The cost of coal exacted a heavy price on human life. That was a given.
But then there had never been anything to compare with Aberfan.
Numerous complaints had been made to the NCB about the dangers of one of the seven gigantic slag heaps or spoil tips that loomed a quarter of a mile high above the village 鈥 including a petition from Pantglas school in 1963.
Every mining community had its tips. The entire south Wales Valleys landscape was jagged with them.
Big lump coal was required for domestic heating so the waste and tailings - fine particles left after the washing process - was loaded onto rail trams and dumped at the top of the valley, land of no economic value.
The tips were notorious for sliding but there was particular concern about Aberfan鈥檚 鈥榯ip number seven鈥 which had begun in 1958 and had risen to a 111ft (34m) heap of some 300,000 cubic yards (229,300 cubic metres) of waste.
It lay on highly-porous sandstone riven with streams and underwater springs.
Unemployed miners scavenge at Cilfynydd tip near Aberfan
It had slipped three years previously when an ominous crater appeared at the top.
A bulge had formed at the foot of the tip as mountain spring water, unable to drain away, liquefied the spoil into thick, black quicksand.
The NCB brushed complaints aside.
The threat was implicit - make a fuss and the mine would close.
While many spoke out about the dangers, others who had misgivings held their tongue, recalling grim memories of long years of unemployment in the valleys.
At 07:30 that Friday the tip was reported to have sunk 20ft.
The tips above the village
If only fate had played its hand 20 minutes earlier, the school would have been empty.
One tipping gang worker told a subsequent inquiry how the slide began.
鈥淚t was starting to come back up,鈥 he said. 鈥淚t started to rise slowly at first, sir鈥 I thought I was seeing things. Then it rose up pretty fast, sir, at a tremendous speed.
"Then it sort of came up out of the depression and turned itself into a wave鈥 down towards the mountain鈥 towards Aberfan village鈥 into the mist.鈥
Seconds later the bottom of the tip shot out.
Down in Pantglas Junior School the lights began to flicker and sway; an ominous roar like 鈥渁 jet plane screaming low over the school in the fog鈥.
The glistening black avalanche consumed rocks, trees, farm cottages then ruptured the Brecon Beacons to Cardiff water main, engorging it further and increasing the velocity of its murderous descent towards Pantglas.
Seconds after it hit, Cyril Vaughan, a teacher at the neighbouring senior school, said 鈥渆verything was so quiet鈥.
鈥淎s if nature had realised that a tremendous mistake had been made and nature was speechless.鈥
The top of the tip on the day of the slip. The alarm could not be raised by telephone as the cable had been stolen but it would have made no difference as the slide reached speeds of up to 50mph
"I have been asked to inform you that there has been a landslide at Pantglas. The tip has come down on the school." - Emergency call to Merthyr Tydfil Police
09:20
鈥淧rettily dressed and beribboned, riding expensive pedal-cars and bicycles, they [surviving children] are an elite, the aristocrats of survival, their lives nervously guarded and also coveted by those who mourn. By luck, chance, and by no choice of their own, they are part of the unhealed scar-tissue of Aberfan.鈥
- Novelist Laurie Lee from 'The village that lost its children', part of an essay collection entitled I Can't Stay Long
Jeff Edwards was the last child to be lifted out of Pantglas alive. After graduating from the University of London, he left a City accountancy career to return home and set up community projects to tackle social problems among young people after the mine closed in 1989. Awarded an MBE in 2003 he went on to serve as an independent Mayor of Merthyr Tydfil and council leader.
Jeff Edwards decided he would never have children. The trauma of Aberfan, he believes, has somehow corrupted his DNA.
鈥淵our personality has changed to such a degree your traits, your make-up, your being has been so fundamentally altered you wouldn鈥檛 want to perpetuate it,鈥 he says.
鈥淥ne minute we were young innocent children of eight years of age who were looking forward to the holidays and then at twenty past nine we were totally different people and would never be the same again.鈥
With sister Julie. Just before the slide her class was taken on a walk which saved her life
That morning Jeff called for his best friend Robert, a local doctor鈥檚 son. Jeff was among just four of his 34 classmates who survived. Robert was killed.
鈥淚鈥檇 gone over to the library books which were on the windowsill at the back of the class which faced the tip and picked up Herge鈥檚 Adventures of Tintin,鈥 he recalls.
鈥淚 came back to my desk and our teacher, Mr Davies, started a maths lesson.
Class photo: Three others survived - David Davies (not pictured), a retired solicitor, Gaynor Madgwick (fourth from right, middle row), who has written books on Aberfan, and Gerald Kirwan, (back row, far left) who was a pit manager
Some of the teaching staff: Head teacher Miss Jennings (front second left) was killed in her study
Jeff recalls a thunderous noise which grew louder and louder.
鈥淭he next thing I remember was waking up, my right foot was stuck in the radiator and there was water pouring out of it," he says.
"My desk was pinned against my stomach and a girl's head was on my left shoulder. She was dead.
"Because all the debris was around me I couldn't get away from her. The image of her face comes back to me continuously.
鈥淚t was black all around me but there was an aperture of light about 10ft above me. I remember seeing particles of dust spinning and glistening where the light caught them.
"I could hear crying and screaming. As time went on they got quieter and quieter as children died, they were buried and running out of air.鈥
The 90 minutes-or-so Jeff waited, gasping for breath, death on his young shoulder, before being rescued is hard to imagine.
Above him the muck began to harden and set like cement while torrents of dirty black flood water coursed into the village from the ruptured water main on the hillside above.
Yvonne Price, then 21, was one of the first police officers on the scene. She recalls being rigid with shock.
As her patrol car turned into the village, the driver screamed: "I can't get through... The water's rising... the water's rising.
"A huge bank of water was coming directly towards us," she says. "It was like a tsunami, it was terrifying."
The crisis whistle sounded in the colliery and miners, their headlamps still lit, ran to the school where women were clawing at the slurry - 鈥渟ome had no skin on their hands鈥 - trying in vain to reach children who could be heard crying.
The late Cliff Minett, a former miner who lost two children that day, jumped down into the school hall.
鈥淚 looked to my left, there was a woman on her knees screaming,鈥 he said. 鈥淚t was a teacher... I said 鈥榟ave the children gone home?鈥, she said 鈥榥o, they鈥檙e all in there鈥.鈥
What little hope there was ran out after Jeff was rescued.
鈥淚 heard the men breaking a window and someone said 鈥榯here鈥檚 someone down here - I can see white hair鈥,鈥 he says.
鈥淭hey started to remove all the girders and debris from around me but they still couldn鈥檛 get me out. The firemen got their hatchets out and hacked away at my desk.鈥
Jeff carried to safety, his mother close by (top left)
The 10th and last child to be brought out alive, he was treated for head and stomach injuries.
A further 28 children were injured, many seriously.
Even so physical injuries were superficial compared to the psychological damage.
Terrified of the tips and traumatised by nightmares, Jeff initially refused to go home and stayed with his grandmother in a nearby village.
When he did eventually come home, things did not get much better.
Jeff shortly after being released from hospital
One of Aberfan's three local GPs, the late Dr Arthur Jones, spoke of a 鈥渟trange bitterness between families who lost children and those who hadn鈥檛; people just could not help it鈥.
鈥淵ou have feelings of guilt that you survived, 鈥榳hy me?鈥,鈥 Jeff says, keen to point out that some parents who lost children were extremely supportive of him.
鈥淚t is a very difficult emotion to come to terms with. We had no childhood, it was taken from us.
鈥淧lay is an important part of a child鈥檚 development but that stopped. Most of the kids we played with were gone and play was frowned upon by some parents who lost children.鈥
Survivor guilt was not the only burden.
Boys from the nearby senior school look in disbelief
The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) began to show but in 1966 there was little understanding or recognition of the syndrome.
Determined the world would learn from the mistakes of Aberfan he has contributed to NICE (National institute for Health and Care Excellence) guidelines on PTSD, taken part in clinical studies and spoken at conferences and personally helped victims of Enniskillen, Dunblane, Paddington and the 2011 tsunami in Japan.
鈥淎fter the disaster we had interventions from psychiatrists,鈥 Jeff says.
鈥淏ut services were in their infancy. They didn鈥檛 really know how to deal with it and it wasn鈥檛 much help. There were sessions and we were offered different drugs.鈥
Jeff says the surviving children did not really have a formal education for many years.
"We didn鈥檛 want to go to school as we were afraid it would happen again,鈥 he says.
"The children who survived had to come to terms with the loss of their friends and the scenes of carnage they witnessed."
Surviving children in a make-shift school
Time and again, testimonies from the past describe the same thing 鈥 no one talked about what happened.
This was an age of stoicism, embodied by the tough, macho miners themselves. Psychological help was stigmatised and viewed with suspicion.
"I couldn鈥檛 speak about what happened to my parents because of the horrific things I saw, you felt you didn鈥檛 want to put them through that," says Jeff, who has never spoken about it to his mother to this day.
Survivor David Davies on his family's farm: His body was pulled from Pantglas and carried to his father - he was believed dead until a nurse saw his leg move
"One of the teachers who survived would, effectively through play, try to get us to open up as many of us became very closed, insular, wouldn鈥檛 confide in anybody.
"We were afraid to say what had happened to us on that day as when we started to talk about it we鈥檇 get very upset. It was a very difficult thing to talk about."
While some families contended with the loss of one, maybe two children, others tried to comfort survivors terrorised by nightmares, bedwetting and irrational behaviour.
"To a certain degree death was a part of that life but when it comes to children dying in an industrial accident, it really gets to people, even the most macho," Jeff says.
"So you had divorce rates go up, an increase in alcoholism, disease, anti-depressants, stress, anxiety which all lead to premature deaths."
A miner whose young brother was among the dead
It was estimated that at least 20 parents went on to die prematurely.
In 1968 one bereaved mother reportedly took an overdose of barbiturates. Countless others existed on sedatives and sleeping tablets.
The pills worked but only when it was not raining. Then they were too afraid to sleep, terrified the tips would slip again.
Dr Jones described the village as consumed with guilt, psychological problems, alcoholism and nervous breakdowns.
鈥淏y every statistic, patients seen, prescriptions written, deaths, I can prove that this is a village of excessive sickness,鈥 he said.
Even 50 years on, Jeff suffers flashbacks.
The triggers are numerous and varied - events on TV, reports of other disasters, the sound of thunder, loud noises or simply being left alone.
鈥淚t鈥檚 something you want to get away from but you can鈥檛 and never will,鈥 he says.
鈥淪ome days I get overwhelmed by crippling depression and I can鈥檛 function, can鈥檛 get out of bed.
鈥淚t totally and utterly closes you down. You can actually smell the school, somewhere in your psychological background you have the smell and the taste of the school, coal, the slurry; it takes you back there.鈥
There are thought to be about 20 or so of the surviving children left in Aberfan.
Some have moved away, some have sadly suffered early deaths; each of them has struggled to deal with the devastation wrought on their lives.
鈥淢any of the people involved in the disaster find relationships very difficult,鈥 says Jeff, who never married.
鈥淢arriages have broken down because of the difficulties of living with someone who has gone through a major incident - the irrationality of your thoughts on occasions, your irritability and difficulty in confiding in people.鈥
There is no doubt in Jeff鈥檚 mind that a positive contribution to arise from the tragedy has been helping to improve psychological trauma understanding and help for other victims and their families.
Just as Dr Jones, who died in 2013, concluded: 鈥淣owhere has grief been so concentrated. Lockerbie, Zeebrugge, King鈥檚 Cross 鈥 everywhere they used the lesson this place taught them.鈥
A whistle would blow and the men would stop working; there would be an agonising silence as they strained to hear the faintest sound from underneath
10:30
News reports described the site resembling an earthquake or the aftermath of a high explosive bomb
鈥淎nd now down by the chapel that had been converted into a mortuary, the lines of parents were queuing to identify the small blackened bodies that were being dug out and laid on rows of tarpaulins.鈥
鈥 The Disaster, a bestselling novel based on Aberfan published in 1969 by Cardiff-born campaigning journalist John Summers
Charles Nunn, 81, originally from Swansea, was an acting detective inspector seconded to the Regional Crime Squad in 1966. Designated a Senior Identification Officer, he was part of a team tasked with setting up a makeshift mortuary in Aberfan鈥檚 Bethania Chapel.
By the time Charles Nunn and colleagues approached Aberfan at 10:30am it had been declared a disaster zone.
Roads for miles around were gridlocked - firefighters, police, medics, the army, civil defence, miners from surrounding pits - thousands of volunteers descended along with the initial stream of what would become a torrent of the world鈥檚 media.
鈥淭he chief constable of Merthyr had picked out Bethania Chapel to take the bodies,鈥 Charles says. 鈥淭hey wanted somewhere close by and the chapel was just down the road from the school.
鈥淚t was a typical Welsh Valleys chapel. In the small Sunday school room at the back there was a cold water tap and a small gas stove. That was it.
鈥淏odies were already being carried in to the back room and nurses and Salvation Army volunteers would wash away the filthy black slurry.
鈥淚 would write a description of each child or adult and detail any possessions in their pockets 鈥 a handkerchief, sweets, anything that might help with identification.
鈥淭he little ones were laid on the pews, the adults on stretchers across the tops of the pews 鈥 males to the left and females to the right.
By about the fourth or fifth day we had to start taking bodies up a difficult winding staircase to the upstairs gallery.鈥
Many had died from asphyxiation but others had suffered catastrophic injuries.
Some bodies were marked 鈥榥ot to be viewed鈥 and identification was made through possessions, dental records or finger prints taken from toys.
For those that could be viewed, parents were escorted around the chapel and blankets would be lifted on each body until they recognised their child.
鈥淚 am still to this day struck by their sheer stoicism, their dignity,鈥 Charles says.
鈥淭he area was so cramped that only two lots of relatives could come in at one time. Some had patiently queued to come in only to find their child wasn鈥檛 there.
"There was no screaming or shouting. There was a completely different mind-set back then.
鈥淭hey then left the chapel to re-join the queue outside, mother relieving father, to keep their place outside waiting in the rain.
鈥淚t might have taken four, five, six days before they got what is now known as 鈥榗losure鈥. That was awful.鈥
Charles adds: 鈥淚t goes to show how primitive it seems, I wrote up a notice and pinned it to the chapel door informing parents that death certificates will be issued at the local fish and chip shop.
鈥淲ho decided that I haven鈥檛 got a clue, someone in Merthyr police I expect. It was a well-known location. There were no council offices nearby and someone must have said 鈥榯he chip shop - everyone knows that鈥. It was the most efficient way. It seems so incongruous now.鈥
Later that day the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Prince Philip arrived at the chapel.
鈥淭hey didn鈥檛 hang around,鈥 Charles says. 鈥淚t was an awful place.鈥
Many of the officers, Charles included, had children of a similar age.
鈥淥f course, we were extremely distressed,鈥 he says. 鈥淏ut we were all experienced detectives and ex-servicemen and we all got on with it.
鈥淚 do remember one of my colleagues - an amazing man who鈥檇 won a military medal in the war and was one of the hardest detectives I鈥檇 ever worked with.
鈥淓ach night before we left and the night shift took over, he would go round cwtching (a Welsh term for cuddle or comfort) the children and tuck in the blankets covering their bodies. It was a long cold night ahead.鈥
After 15 days and with the 144th body identified Charles and his team packed up and left Aberfan.
They had registered the deaths of 116 children, the majority aged between seven and 11, five teachers and 23 residents of the farm cottages up the mountain and a row of 18 terrace houses next to the school.
The victims鈥 ages ranged from three months to 82.
Parents waiting outside Bethania Chapel
But the bitter aftermath 鈥 a saga of cruelty and indignity that would tear at Aberfan鈥檚 open wound - was just beginning to unfold.
The first disaster of its kind to be broadcast live into people鈥檚 homes, the plight of Aberfan horrified a watching world.
Donations to the Aberfan Disaster Fund poured in from all over the globe 鈥 90,000 donations, among them an Irish widow鈥檚 husband鈥檚 gold presentation watch and a mother鈥檚 savings for a new winter coat.
It reached a total of 拢1,750,000, an estimated 拢20m-plus today 鈥 only the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund has ever outstripped it.
But it was to be branded by the press 鈥楢berfan鈥檚 second disaster鈥.
Victims fought a bitter legal battle with its management - the Charity Commission and a group of trustees, local dignitaries - to get access to the money; they were initially refused help to pay for their children鈥檚 gravestones.
But the same fund was plundered by the government and handed to the very body which had been found to blame for the tragedy.
Villagers had started a campaign pleading that to continue living in the shadow of the spoil tips was psychological torture. They wanted them gone.
They were dismissed as irrational and told the tips were perfectly safe, that they would not be removed but landscaped instead. But then they had been told they were safe before the disaster.
Driven to distraction by anger and grief, a group of villagers emptied sacks of coal slurry in the reception area of the Welsh Office in protest. They were immediately arrested.
A visibly shaken Secretary of State for Wales, George Thomas - who had met with the miners just minutes before to tell them once again the tips would not be removed - capitulated. The tips would be gone.
But the NCB refused to take financial responsibility so the government and the Charity Commission sanctioned 拢150,000 to be drawn from the disaster fund to cover the costs.
Then there was the issue of compensation.
To reach an appropriate sum the Charity Commission proposed asking grief-stricken parents 鈥榚xactly how close were you to your child?鈥; those found not to have been close to their children would not be compensated.
Mercifully, the proposal was never acted upon. The NCB initially offered 拢50 before raising it to the "generous offer" of 拢500.
A more substantial sum, it was advised, would have destroyed the working class recipients not used to large amounts of money.
The NCB also refused to pay for the Bethania Chapel to be razed and rebuilt, the congregation unable to worship there given its heartbreaking recent history.
Once again the disaster fund paid for a new chapel to be built in 1970.
Bethania closed in 2007 due to disrepair and a dwindling congregation and was put up for sale.
The neighbouring Capel Aberfan where bodies were taken before burial was burned down by a pyromaniac in 2015.
Its scorched fa莽ade remains in Aberfan.
14:00
鈥淣ever in my life have I seen anything like this. I hope I shall never see anything like it again. For years of course the miners have been used to鈥 disaster. Today for the first time in history the roll call was called in the street. It was the miners鈥 children.鈥
鈥 The late Cliff Michelmore鈥檚 first TV report from the scene
In the afternoon of the disaster Marilyn Brown, a 32-year-old mother of two, learned her eldest daughter, Janette, aged 10, had been killed in Pantglas. She and her late husband, Bernard, went on to have two other children. She has never before spoken publicly before this anniversary.
As soon as Marilyn Brown gave birth to her first child, Janette, she was taken from her.
Janette was born with two holes in her throat and whisked off to hospital 25 miles away where she was operated on twice as a newborn.
The problem recurred when she was six but she responded to further surgery and normal life resumed in the Brown household which by now included a son, Robert.
On the morning of the disaster Janette was reluctant to leave the house.
鈥淪he wasn鈥檛 very good that morning; she didn鈥檛 want to go to school,鈥 Marilyn says. 鈥淎nd Bernard was adamant and he had told her off a little bit.
鈥淪he took Robert and called for another little girl up the street and she took them to school. She turned around and waved, I waved back and that was that.鈥
Within a few minutes of Marilyn pouring herself a cup of tea, her husband鈥檚 nephew was at the back door telling her something had happened at the school.
鈥淚 didn鈥檛 think for one minute that they were inside the school,鈥 she says, 鈥渂ecause it had happened so quickly. She鈥檇 only been out of the house say about a quarter of an hour, 20 minutes, so how could it have happened like that?"
Marilyn was told that Robert was safe and looked on helplessly as Bernard joined the digging until he was near collapse with exhaustion.
She says she went into denial and never considered Janette was dead, injured maybe but never dead.
Her father called to tell her bodies were being retrieved from the school and he and Bernard went off to find out more.
鈥淭hey came back down and my father started to cry,鈥 Marilyn says. 鈥淚 said 鈥榠s she alright?鈥 and he said that Janette had died, that they鈥檇 just identified her鈥 I asked what she looked like and he said she鈥檚 got a tiny mark on her head and that she looked like she was sleeping.鈥
![Waiting: "There was nothing anyone could do," said one mother. "That was the worst, not being able to do anything. There's nothing as bad as that."](https://news.bbcimg.co.uk/news/special/2016/newsspec_15130/media/ab_women_t3la3hr.png "Waiting: "There was nothing anyone could do," said one mother. "That was the worst, not being able to do anything. There's nothing as bad as that."")
Waiting: "There was nothing anyone could do," said one mother. "That was the worst, not being able to do anything. There's nothing as bad as that."
Marilyn broke down, frantically calling for her son Robert.
After that it goes blank.
She says she has found it difficult to cry from that day to this.
Not even on the 鈥渄readful鈥 day of the mass funeral for 81 children and one adult - a mother, Gwyneth Collins, killed in her home was buried with her two sons, killed at school.
鈥淧eople came to find out if we needed help from quite a few sources,鈥 Marilyn says, 鈥渂ut we refused their help because we said we have good family, we have good friends and we know we can rely on them all and we did, we did rely on them all. And they helped us a great deal.鈥
But, she adds: 鈥淚 could never open up. I don鈥檛 think I鈥檝e ever cried in front of anybody, not that I can recall. I suppose I tried to be strong for other people I wouldn鈥檛 let myself go at all.鈥
Similarly, she says, other people did not talk about the disaster, only opening up years, decades later.
鈥淢y mother would say 鈥榶ou鈥檝e got to talk about it, it鈥檒l get it out of your system you鈥檒l feel that bit of relief鈥欌 You feel you wanted to keep it in, was it helping you to think everything was ok? But it wasn鈥檛, it wasn鈥檛 ok.鈥
There were coping mechanisms; the men formed the Ynysowen Male Voice Choir and Marilyn and many of the bereaved mothers set up the Young Wives Club.
The women started meeting in the basement of a Methodist chapel for camaraderie and organised trips away, entertainment for old people, concerts and keep-fit. For Marilyn it was a lifeline.
The club and the choir continue to this day.
Marilyn lost her husband, Bernard, five years ago. He, like many other parents, wrestled with guilt for having made their reluctant children go to school that day.
But, she says, she has found happiness in life through her other three children 鈥 Robert and daughters Lynne and Jayne.
Marilyn with Janette and Robert who is a painter and decorator in the village
鈥淚 talk about Janette to them,鈥 Marilyn says. 鈥淪he鈥檚 one of us, she鈥檚 mine, she鈥檚 ours she鈥檒l always be ours won鈥檛 she?鈥
Tonight as with every other, Marilyn will go through her nightly ritual of turning to the photograph of Janette she keeps in her bedroom and wishing her goodnight.
"She went through a lot when she was a little baby and to come through all that and then this happens... Why? Why does it happen?
"When you look back you think how did you get through it? I think myself 鈥榟ow did you manage that?鈥."
The mass burial on 27 October on the steep hillside cemetery. Flowers and wreaths from all over the world were laid out in the shape of a huge cross as flags flew at half-mast across the nation
The Queen's visit after the funeral. "They were above the politics and the din and they proved to us that the world was with us, and that the world cared," said one bereaved mother
15:00
Some forget too soon the memory of children
We have seen buried, blinded, burning to death
Across the front pages of newspapers鈥
We have been silent, year after year,
While the hollow voices of our time have clamoured
Loudly, making headlines, achieving nothing.
- Excerpt from writer and poet Bryn Griffiths' Elegy for Aberfan, commissioned by Television Wales and West and read on ITN networks on the first anniversary
David Hurn, 82, has an international reputation as one of the UK鈥檚 most influential photographers. A member of the legendary photography cooperative Magnum, he was born in England where his Welsh parents were posted with the army and spent his early childhood in Cardiff.
David Hurn was in Bristol with fellow Magnum photographer Ian Berry when news came through on his car radio. He turned his red mini around and headed to Aberfan, arriving about 15:00 that afternoon.
鈥淥ne of the main recollections I have is the strong feeling that they didn鈥檛 want us there,鈥 he says.
鈥淭hat was the overpowering feeling virtually all the time one was there. I didn鈥檛 talk to anybody I don鈥檛 think at all the entire time. But I very consciously made the decision that I needed to be there.鈥
Photographing miners digging to reach their children 鈥 a Herculean effort that continued throughout the night under the glare of arc lights 鈥 there are the obvious issues of sensitivity and privacy.
![“No one who endured this night would ever forget it – the phantasmagoria of coal dust and smoke." - Jim Hicks, London bureau chief of Life magazine](https://news.bbcimg.co.uk/news/special/2016/newsspec_15130/media/lon5910_on4cuzv-lr.jpg "“No one who endured this night would ever forget it – the phantasmagoria of coal dust and smoke." - Jim Hicks, London bureau chief of Life magazine")
鈥淣o one who endured this night would ever forget it 鈥 the phantasmagoria of coal dust and smoke." - Jim Hicks, London bureau chief of Life magazine
鈥淚 guess if you鈥檙e a photographer with some sort of integrity you feel that the purpose of your pictures is to let the world know accurately or as accurately as possible what is happening,鈥 David says.
鈥淎nd sometimes things have enormous importance, for good or bad, and that is your job to record that happening so the world knows.
鈥淚n this case it鈥檚 pretty obvious what had happened was obscene; you wanted to show that this is exactly what happened so there could be no cover up, and that in my mind was a very powerful justification for what I was doing.鈥
A long and proud existence punctuated by one of the darkest days in the history of coal mining
It was the NCB鈥檚 chairman Lord Robens - criticised for not going to the disaster scene immediately and attending a ceremony installing him as chancellor or the University of Surrey instead - who condemned press coverage as 鈥榞houlish鈥.
Ironic, given the further suffering meted out to the village by the conduct of the NCB who desperately tried to spin-doctor its way out of blame.
Lord Robens insisted to reporters that it was 鈥渋mpossible to know that there was a spring in the heart of this tip鈥.
It was an incendiary statement given that everyone else seemed to know and Ordnance Survey maps proved it.
Lord Robens of Woldingham served as an MP and Labour government minister before becoming NCB chairman
It is not difficult to understand how grief morphed into a deep, visceral anger.
At the inquest into the deaths there was uproar with people shouting 鈥榦ur children have been murdered鈥 and 鈥榤ark the death certificate buried alive by the coal board鈥.
During the subsequent 76-day long tribunal of inquiry 鈥 at the time the longest-running inquiry of its kind in British history - the NCB held that it was an act of God - geological factors and heavy rain.
True, it had been raining, heavily, but not unseasonably so for the area and the time of year.
With the evidence stacked against them, towards the end of the inquiry Lord Robens dramatically admitted the NCB - pilloried for its total absence of tipping policy - was to blame. To have done so earlier on would have spared the victims immeasurable anguish.
The tribunal concluded the disaster was not the result of 鈥渧illainy鈥 but was 鈥渁 terrifying tale of bungling ineptitude by many men charged with tasks for which they were totally unfitted, of failure to heed clear warnings, and of a total lack of direction from above鈥.
No one lost their jobs, was demoted or fined.
In fact, two years later Lord Robens was chosen to chair a review of health and safety which resulted in the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 which continues to regulate practice to this day.
But there is no doubt that many led the rest of their lives with the spectre of Aberfan on their conscience, the distressing consequences of their mistakes published in full view of a horrified world.
David and Ian鈥檚 photo-essay on Aberfan was published by every major magazine around the globe and was mentioned in Parliament.
鈥淎berfan was an extraordinary moment for me,鈥 he says. 鈥淚t just affected my whole life because it was obscene.
"It brought back to me the idea about Wales. I'd done very little work in Wales, I鈥檇 been in London. Suddenly it had put into my mind the idea about going back home.鈥
Within two years he had left his studio in London鈥檚 King鈥檚 Road and decamped to south Wales where he lived temporarily in a camper van.
David Hurn in 1969
He went on to set up the prestigious School of Documentary Photography in Newport.
In 2000 he published Wales: Land of My Father, a photographic documentary of the dramatic changes the decades after 1966 would bring for Wales.
He continues with his vocation of photographing the ordinary and every day of Wales, its landscape and people.
Friday, 21 October 2016
"Aberfan is different.
When men perished in their hundreds in some eruption of blazing methane, it was possible to view it with a kind of blind ferocity, the sort of ferocity we've always used in the face of war.
Men were below the earth doing a grim and unnatural job and sometimes the job would blow up in their faces and most of the doom was underground, out of sight, tucked tactfully away from the public view. But Aberfan is different.鈥
鈥 Excerpt of a eulogy by writer Gwyn Thomas broadcast on the 大象传媒's Today programme
If you take the old single-track parish road which winds its way to the top of the Taff Valley and look down to the village of Aberfan, at first glance there is little to set it apart from any of the surrounding former mining communities.
The rows of terraces so typical of the south Wales coalfield nestle, virtually unchanged in five decades, at the bottom of the steep valley.
The river Taff which skirts the village, once clogged and black with colliery filth is clear once again and the salmon, otters and kingfishers have returned.
The site of the once mighty Merthyr Vale colliery has all but vanished, landscaped and covered with trees.
Its only relic, the mine sheave wheel on which the village turned for so long, is concreted into the roundabout of a newly-built road around the village.
The bustling high street of family-run shops is also gone.
Aberfan, along with the rest of the disinherited industrialised south Wales Valleys, has struggled with high unemployment and its incumbent social problems.
In the cemetery on the hillside above the village, the two rows of children鈥檚 graves are prominent.
The pearl white granite arches have offered a long-awaited redemption from pain for so many parents whose inscriptions have been added over the years as they were reunited with the children they waved goodbye to that cold, foggy, October morning.
The cemetery, maintained by the disaster fund which continues to offer educational grants, is immaculate as is the memorial garden where Pantglas school once stood.
The garden鈥檚 tranquillity is not disturbed by the rhythmic whisk of traffic directly above it on the A470, the main route from the valleys into Cardiff, which now cuts through the path of the landslide.
There is not a petal out of place in the borders of flowers which mirror the classroom configuration 鈥 a section for standard one, standard two, standard three and standard four.
Down the road on the site of the 18 houses which were destroyed is the Aberfan and Merthyr Vale Community Centre, again built with money from the disaster fund, where children learn to swim and adults attend Zumba and spin classes.
Over the way a new school 鈥 Ynysowen Community Primary 鈥 was opened by the Queen in 2012 and is surrounded by playing fields created by the tonnes of shale waste cleared from the tips.
Jeff Edwards and the Queen in 2012 at the opening of Ynysowen Community Primary
As a result of Aberfan, legislation passed in 1969 put in place a strict policy on the practice of tipping.
This in turn led to legislation being amended and reviewed across the world.
The majority of tips in south Wales have been removed and the valleys, like Aberfan鈥檚, are green again.
Marilyn Brown is still a member of the Young Wives Club now known as the Wives Club
But look long enough and the outline of where they once stood above the village can be clearly seen.
Despite fervent efforts to cultivate it, the grass which grows over the site of the tips is a different colour, a coarse, sickly yellow, as if nature itself refuses to 鈥榞ive up the ghost鈥 and forgive the "appalling calamity" of the past.
It is consoling to think the pain which consumed the village - the shattered lives and unjust treatment of its working men and women - has made a significant difference, informing and influencing countless changes over the past 50 years.
The majority of those men and women may not be around today.
But the white-arch graves and the tainted grass above them will serve as an indelible reminder for who knows how many generations to come of their part in a defining moment in our nation鈥檚 history.
For that dreadful day 50 years ago would ensure that, in the stirring words of the late, great broadcaster, writer and poet Gwyn Thomas, the 鈥榯rue voice of the English-speaking valleys鈥, Aberfan is different.