大象传媒

In just over a decade, Uber has revolutionised how we move around our cities. The ride-hailing app was a game-changer: you just tapped your phone and a cab would find you. You even paid through the app.

The Californian tech company helped define the gig economy, where workers were seen as self-employed. Uber now has millions of drivers all over the world, and takes billions of pounds in fares.

Uber often described the regulated taxi industry it was trying to break into as a 鈥渃artel鈥�.

But the company has been rocked by scandals. Uber drivers are fighting for their rights. And now a whistleblower has revealed the dark tricks Uber used to break into lucrative European markets.

Mark MacGann used to be one of Uber鈥檚 top executives. He was the company鈥檚 chief lobbyist, meeting senior members of government and heads of state in over 40 countries.

鈥淧eople were almost falling over themselves in order to meet with Uber and to hear what we had to offer,鈥� MacGann in an exclusive interview (see video below).

鈥淚t was extraordinarily easy to get access to the highest echelons of power and decision-making. It was intoxicating.鈥�

Now he鈥檚 turned whistleblower.

Thousands of documents were leaked to the Guardian, who shared them with the and media partners around the world, including the 大象传媒.

The Uber Files are an unprecedented insight into how one of the world鈥檚 most notorious tech companies lobbied at the highest level to assist its aggressive expansion into Europe.

Uber raised billions in investment, using funds to attract drivers and passengers and challenge the rules. But Uber needed political support to disrupt the taxi industry.

The leak reveals how undeclared meetings, high-level lobbying, and backroom deals helped Uber to get leading politicians to back their radical plans. The leaked documents cover the years Uber was trying to break into Europe and they show how much Uber was prepared to spend to get close to power. In 2016, its lobbying and public relations budget was $90 million (拢75 million).

Part 1: Paris

The taxi wars

Paris was the first European city where Uber launched. It鈥檚 also where co-founders Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp first had the idea for the app, when they could not find a cab on a freezing cold night.

Paris had a strong network of licensed city taxis with the monopoly on picking up roadside passengers around town. Uber鈥檚 arrival caused chaos.

Uber billed itself as a tech firm that connected passengers with private-hire cars - minicabs - which had to be pre-booked. Except that its drivers could be summoned within a few minutes at the click of a button, right from the side of the road. What鈥檚 more, Uber鈥檚 prices were cut-throat - and there was no need to keep cash on hand.

The Parisian cab drivers were losing customers and income 鈥� and in 2014 took their protest to the streets. Taxi drivers attacked Ubers carrying terrified passengers, smashing their windows and slashing their tyres.

But Uber had a mantra, says MacGann: 鈥淚t鈥檚 better to ask for forgiveness than to ask for permission鈥�. Rather than bow to pressure, Uber pushed harder.

In February 2014 it launched a controversial new service called UberPop - called a 鈥渞ide-sharing鈥� service, it was the cheapest option on the app and like offering someone a lift.

UberPop drivers didn鈥檛 need to have a professional license or be insured as a taxi driver. It meant practically anyone with a car could become a cabbie, and many jumped at the chance.

At a stroke, taxi drivers had lost their advantage.

Uber immediately ran foul of the authorities, landing a 鈧�100,000 fine for misleadingly advertising the new service as a car pool. New legislation was being debated that would impose strict regulations on UberPop and similar ride-sharing services.

But Uber had also begun to make friends with a young politician in his first ministerial post: Emmanuel Macron.

In 2014, Macron was minister for the economy and digital affairs, and a rising star. He had come into government with the aim of shaking things up and wanted to address unemployment by liberalising traditional labour structures. Uber fitted this model perfectly.

The leaked documents reveal that company executives, including MacGann and Uber鈥檚 CEO at the time, Travis Kalanick, attended a series of meetings with Macron. Only one of these was made public before now.

Uber thought the first meeting with Macron on 1 October 2014 was 鈥渟pectacular. Like I鈥檝e never seen鈥�. The firm believed it had found a strong political champion.

The leaked documents also contain dozens of personal messages and emails between Uber and its powerful new friend. Their communications were amicable, and at times casual.

Uber even sent Macron proposals for how it wanted ride-sharing services regulated in France.

But having such a well-connected friend was not a perfect shield.

Socialist MP Thomas Th茅venoud had been brought in to find common ground between taxis and ride-hailing platforms like Uber.

He describes the way Uber went about its business as 鈥渃owboy鈥�. 鈥淭hey put one foot in the door, then break the door wide open and once they're in, you're forced to deal with them for better or for worse.鈥�

From 1 January 2015, his new law made UberPop illegal. Uber carried on running the service as it challenged court rulings.

By the summer, tensions peaked. Taxi drivers went on general strike, with protests sometimes turning violent, while government ministers called for the end of UberPop and for unlicensed drivers鈥� cars to be seized.

Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who was in regular contact with the taxi unions, ordered tighter controls on UberPop drivers.

鈥淭he government will never accept the law of the jungle,鈥� he said.

Macron maintained contact with Uber throughout, as the 大象传媒 has reported, and UberPop was suspended on 3 July.

Uber鈥檚 powerful friend became president in 2017, and under President Macron France has thousands more drivers.

A spokesperson for President Macron said that his ministerial job 鈥渓ed him to interact with many companies involved in the transformation of services鈥�, which had to be facilitated by 鈥渞emoving administrative and regulatory barriers鈥�.

鈥淭he point is that today the French government is probably the most pro-Uber government in the western world,鈥� Mr Th茅venoud told 大象传媒 Panorama.

But the years of taxi wars had also played into Uber鈥檚 narrative. In 2016, amidst more violent taxi demonstrations, the French government announced a clampdown on ride-sharing services.

In response, Travis Kalanick proposed a counter-protest. When an Uber executive flagged MacGann鈥檚 concern over the safety of Uber drivers and riders, Kalanick responded:

Kalanick 鈥渧iewed violence as something that brought results鈥�, says Mark MacGann. 鈥淚t鈥檚 dangerous. It鈥檚 irresponsible. It鈥檚 also, in a way, very selfish. Because he was not the guy on the street who is being threatened, who is being attacked.鈥�

A spokesperson for Travis Kalanick said he 鈥渘ever suggested that Uber should take advantage of violence at the expense of driver safety鈥�.

That protest went ahead without incident, but this kind of exchange was not an isolated example. The leak suggests that exploiting violence against Uber drivers formed an important part of Uber鈥檚 communications strategy.

In an email from the Netherlands, Uber deliberately sought to 鈥渒eep the violence narrative going for a few days鈥� as it shared police reports of attacks against its drivers with Dutch media.

When those reports were published on the front page of Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf - without making Uber鈥檚 involvement clear - MacGann replied that this was 鈥渆xcellent work鈥� and 鈥渆xactly what we wanted鈥�. Sharing the newspaper reports with other company executives, he added: "Step one in the campaign: get the media to talk about Taxi violence against POP [UberPop] drivers.鈥�

Responding now to questions about his participation in Uber鈥檚 attempts to leverage violence against its drivers for strategic benefit, MacGann says: "There is no excuse for how the company played with people鈥檚 lives. I am disgusted and ashamed that I was a party to the trivialisation of such violence.鈥�

Uber鈥檚 spokesperson Jill Hazelbaker says 鈥渢here is much our former CEO said nearly a decade ago that we would certainly not condone today鈥�. She adds nobody at the company had ever been happy about violence against drivers, and that the new management have 鈥渕ade safety one of the company鈥檚 top priorities鈥�.

Part 2: Amsterdam

Duping the police

Fighting the law is part of the Uber spirit. The company has always seen itself as a 鈥渄isruptor鈥� 鈥� changing the world to suit its own interests. And lobbying wasn鈥檛 the only weapon in Uber鈥檚 arsenal.

Back in 2014, the controversial UberPop service was also attracting the attention of the authorities in Amsterdam, where Uber had its international headquarters.

When UberPop launched, the ILT, the body responsible for transport safety in the Netherlands, said that the moment it allowed the service to be used, Uber would be breaking the law.

There was initial concern among Uber鈥檚 top brass that the drivers of their ride-sharing platform would face criminal charges if arrested, according to leaked emails from a senior company executive.

But they did not consider it an imminent threat, and when the first arrests of UberPop drivers in Amsterdam merely resulted in formal warnings and a threat of a fine, Uber doubled down.

In December 2014, UberPop was declared illegal by a court in The Hague.

But like in Paris, Uber wasn鈥檛 going to let that stop it. The documents reveal how Uber used its smartphone app to block law enforcement from getting to its drivers in the first place.

Uber identified police officers through data mined from the app and then, using an internal tool called 鈥済reyball鈥�, served them a fake view of the UberPop app, populated with ghost cars that wouldn鈥檛 stop for them. They could also block anyone from booking in certain zones, like around police stations, using a tool called 鈥済eofencing鈥�.

These tricks left law enforcement officials scratching their heads, struggling to understand why they could not book a ride.

Prof Bart Custers, a digital law expert at Leiden University in the Netherlands, says that collecting and processing personal data on law enforcement officers may have been illegal. 鈥淓U data protection law prescribed there should be a legal basis for this,鈥� he says - which the company did not appear to have.

Uber says 鈥渨e stopped using these tools in 2017 when Dara Khosrowshahi became CEO and, as we have said many times, they should never have been used鈥�.

The cat-and-mouse game between Dutch law enforcement and Uber continued.

In March 2015 it came to a crunch when the police demanded a list of all UberPop drivers. Handing over such a document would have been hugely damaging to the firm, allowing police to arrest drivers without having to catch them in the act.

Internal emails reveal that the company did not plan on co-operating and, with the battle lines drawn, Uber expected that it would not take long before its Amsterdam headquarters were raided.

But Uber had a secret system to prevent the police from getting their hands on evidence: the 鈥渒ill switch鈥�. It could could lock down the company鈥檚 servers remotely, to make company information inaccessible.

The Uber Files reveal how its use was more widespread than previously known and an order to use it came directly from the top. On 2 April 2015, the day of another raid on Uber鈥檚 Amsterdam offices, the company鈥檚 then CEO Travis Kalanick emailed staff to hit the kill switch.

And during a raid in Paris, executives described how the toughest part was keeping a straight face when they could not assist investigators.

Lawyer Brendan Newitt told Panorama that if the systems were shut down once the raid began, Uber could have been breaking Dutch law.

Again, Uber says such software should never have been used. It told the ICIJ that it now routinely co-operates with information requests and 鈥渄oes not have a 鈥榢ill switch鈥� designed to thwart regulatory inquiries鈥�.

Mark MacGann said that on every occasion he was 鈥減ersonally involved in 鈥榢ill switch鈥� activities鈥� he was 鈥渁cting on the express orders鈥� from management in San Francisco.

Kalanick鈥檚 spokesperson said he 鈥渘ever authorised any actions or programs that would obstruct justice in any country鈥�, adding that Uber had 鈥渇ail-safe protocols鈥� to protect intellectual property which 鈥渄o not delete any data鈥� and were approved by Uber鈥檚 lawyers.

Of course in the Netherlands too, Uber had friends in high places. As the 大象传媒 has reported, it had an influential secret ally in Dutch politician Neelie Kroes, whose support may have been a breach of EU ethics rules.

And lobbying at the highest level would also be key to conquering another market: London.

Part 3: London

Unseating the black cabs

Travis Kalanick described London as 鈥渢he Champions鈥� League of transportation鈥� in a 2014 interview. 鈥淚t has got a more dynamic, more competitive transportation system than any other city in the world.鈥� Not to mention one of the most recognisable fleets of taxis: black cabs.

The company launched in London in summer of 2012, just in time for the Olympics.

Black cabs were the only ones allowed to be hailed from the street. Minicabs and Ubers both had to be pre-booked - but Uber鈥檚 app is so quick, it鈥檚 almost like hailing a cab from the side of the road.

For Uber drivers like Abdurzak Hadi, it was revolutionary. 鈥淵ou could drive and get a ping if someone needs to be picked up. We loved it.鈥� The fares were lower than local minicabs and they got plenty of work.

The black cabs couldn鈥檛 compete with Uber鈥檚 low fares and went to war, bringing London to a standstill with a mass demonstration in 2014.

Once again, Uber began to look for friends in high places, starting with then-London Mayor, Boris Johnson. But Johnson repeatedly declined official meetings with Uber.

A leaked text message reports Johnson saying that it 鈥渨ould be less damaging politically to be photographed with the leader of ISIS than with Travis Kalanick鈥�.

So the company went over his head.

The documents show Uber鈥檚 lobbyists were welcomed into 10 Downing Street, where they met senior advisers to the prime minister at the time, David Cameron, and recorded having a 鈥渦seful conversation including intelligence on Mayor's office鈥�.

They also met two government ministers that day - Sajid Javid, then minister for culture, media and sport, and Matt Hancock, then minister for business and enterprise. But neither meeting was ever declared.

Hancock looked like he would be a natural ally, having during the taxi strike in June: 鈥淒oes anyone have details of this #Uber app everyone's talking about? It sounds awesome鈥︹��

Uber kept a grid of meetings, and the files show the firm鈥檚 lobbyists managed to meet with him again over dinner, adding that he used an Uber car to get home from the event, a claim Mr Hancock denies.

Matt Hancock鈥檚 spokeperson said his first meeting in Downing Street was 鈥渇or Number 10 officials to declare鈥�, and the second was 鈥渁 dinner about politics鈥� that 鈥渨as not declarable鈥�.

A spokesperson for Mr Hancock said: "It was the policy of the Government - quite rightly - to attract tech companies to the UK. All the efforts Matt undertook in pursuit of that were above board and declared properly."

A spokesperson for Sajid Javid said that the 鈥渞elevant departments hold no record of the meeting said to have taken place".

The lobbying went on and on. Uber targeted Tory, Lib Dem and Labour MPs. And after Number 10, it set its sights on the man next door.

The documents show Kalanick was invited to a small dinner party with George Osborne, then chancellor of the exchequer, when he was visiting Silicon Valley.

Uber clearly saw the evening as a work event - and privacy was a selling point.

Osborne did not declare the dinner meeting.

鈥淚t perfectly encapsulates the problem with lobbying and how vested interests capture ministers and decision-making,鈥� says lobbying expert Dr Susan Hawley, from Spotlight on Corruption.

鈥淚f anything of substance is discussed, ministers should be mindful to go back and report those conversations so the civil servants can decide: how do we make sure the public interest is properly protected?鈥�

George Osborne鈥檚 spokesperson said that 鈥渇ar from being secret鈥� it was the 鈥減ublicly announced policy鈥� to meet tech businesses and 鈥減ersuade them to invest in Britain鈥�.

鈥淎ll business meetings... were properly declared,鈥� he said.

Uber鈥檚 campaign seems to have worked though. Proposals that would have limited Uber鈥檚 expansion in London - such as a minimum five-minute wait between booking a ride and pick-up - were dropped.

According to the files, Uber executives later reported that Osborne considered himself "responsible" for the "positive" outcome. These revelations are likely to prompt renewed concerns that government ministers put pressure on Boris Johnson.

The documents also reveal that one minister was so impressed with Uber that they were open to further collaboration with the company.

Priti Patel, then minister of state for employment, followed up a conversation with another Uber lobbyist. Her letter is contained in the leak.

The meeting was not declared.

Patel鈥檚 spokesperson said, 鈥淔or official meetings such as this, civil servants are present and responsible for making the appropriate recordings.鈥�

The latest battle

The drivers

Travis Kalanick resigned in 2017 following a series of scandals at the company about sexual harassment, macho culture and the departure of senior executives.

Uber has now been under new management for five years and says its new chief executive has transformed the company. Uber says it鈥檚 鈥渕oved from an era of confrontation to one of collaboration鈥�.

The company denies its lobbying was secret as it has always 鈥渆xpressed... policy positions vocally and publicly鈥�. It says it has 鈥渁dmitted many mistakes and missteps鈥� but that 鈥渆ngagements with governments鈥� are now 鈥渂oth in line with the law and also transparent鈥�.

Uber 鈥渨ill not make excuses for past behaviour鈥� and asks 鈥渢he public to judge us by what we鈥檝e done over the last five years鈥�.

Today, Uber is still embroiled in legal battles. The company has been challenged by its drivers in several countries over whether they should be classed as workers or self-employed. Where the courts ruled that Uber should treat its drivers like employees, the company has launched appeal after appeal.

In February 2021, ending a five-year legal battle, the UK鈥檚 Supreme Court ruled that Uber had to treat its drivers as workers rather than self-employed - which means they are entitled to the minimum wage, holiday pay and a pension.

But in the UK, drivers have also seen cuts to the amount of cash they get for each trip. Abdurzak Hadi is now a union leader, fighting Uber for better conditions. After eight years with the company, he says he鈥檚 had enough. 鈥淚 think they see me as a robot. It makes you very angry. It's not a driverless car - there's a human being driving that's actually being exploited.鈥�

In Amsterdam and elsewhere, Uber continues to challenge court rulings that drivers are employees entitled to greater workers' rights. In September last year, the company said it "has no plans to employ drivers in the Netherlands".

The man behind the leak, Mark MacGann, says he hopes there will be a change in how Uber treats its drivers, many of whom earn 鈥渧astly less than the minimum wage鈥�.

MacGann left Uber in August 2016. He pursued legal action against the company, eventually reaching an out of court settlement. The terms were not disclosed and he provided no further details.

In an interview with the Guardian, he said he resigned as he feared for his and his family's safety, citing increasing harassment from the taxi industry in various countries.

He says he now regrets his role in building Uber.

鈥淚 own what I did, but if it turns out that what I was trying to persuade governments, ministers, prime ministers, presidents and drivers, turned out to be horribly, horribly wrong and untrue, then it鈥檚 incumbent upon me to go back and say, 鈥業 think we made a mistake.鈥欌��

The Uber Files is a leak of 124,000 records including emails and texts exposing conversations and meetings between Uber executives and public officials as the technology-driven taxi firm sought to expand its business. The files were leaked to which shared them with the in Washington DC and media partners in 29 countries, including the 大象传媒's Panorama.

You can watch Panorama: Taking us for a Ride: The Uber Files on on 大象传媒 iPlayer (UK only)

Update 14 July 2022: This article has been amended to include a statement regarding Matt Hancock and his denial that he took an Uber after the dinner mentioned.