Trump and Scotland
The people who hit back at the president
Donald Trump came to Scotland to build the world鈥檚 greatest golf course on spectacular sand dunes on the Aberdeenshire coast.
He fought and won the planning rights to do so - bulldozing his way through environmental objections with the bold promise of a 拢1bn investment and thousands of jobs.
In pursuit of his vision, he clashed with politicians, nature lovers and even his own neighbours. In Scotland they鈥檝e been hitting back at Mr Trump for more than a decade.
When Trump came to Scotland...
Two flags flutter in the breeze on top of what used to be the coastguard station at Menie, on the Aberdeenshire coast in north-eastern Scotland.
From this buff-coloured block of 1950s architecture, there are stunning views over Donald Trump鈥檚 golf course, across marram grass-covered sand dunes out to the North Sea.
The couple who have made this converted watch house their home are David and Moira Milne. From their roof they fly the Scottish saltire, white on blue and - more curiously - the green, white and red tricolour of Mexico.
The Milnes hoisted the Mexican flag in solidarity with that country when Mr Trump promised to build a wall on their border and make them pay for it. 鈥淗e鈥檚 already tried that here,鈥 says David. 鈥淗e built a fence and sent us a bill.鈥
The Milnes鈥 house and garden are like an island, encircled by Trump-owned land. The Trump Organization erected a fence to mark the boundary between their properties and wanted them to pay half the cost. They said the Milnes had built an extension that strayed across the boundary.
It was just one of several clashes between the man who would become president of the United States and a quiet-living couple from Aberdeenshire.
Mr Trump bought Menie, a former shooting estate eight miles north of Aberdeen, in 2006. He did so with a grand design in mind. To develop this windswept stretch of sand dunes, meadow and woodland into a 1,500-acre golf resort with a championship course as its centrepiece.
We are going to build the greatest golf course in the world, this house is ugly鈥
It took six years of wrangling before the first phase was completed. The Milnes got on the wrong side of Mr Trump because they refused to sell to him. And he made no secret of the fact he wanted them to leave.
On one visit to Menie, he was filmed looking up at their house from the passenger seat of a Range Rover on land earmarked for his golf course. 鈥淚 want to get rid of that house鈥 he said.
When advised by an employee that this approach could cause a 鈥渂it of stir鈥 he replied: 鈥淲ho cares, who cares, you know what, who cares? We are going to build the greatest golf course in the world, this house is ugly.鈥
Mr Trump seemed to feel the same way about other dwellings overlooking his property. He famously accused local farmer and salmon fisherman, Michael Forbes of living in a 鈥減ig-like atmosphere鈥.
All refused to leave their homes. The Trump Organization raised the possibility of using compulsory purchase powers to force them out but eventually dropped the idea.
Mr Forbes painted anti-Trump slogans on his green corrugated-iron shed and became a hero to those opposed to the billionaire鈥檚 development plans. He won a national award for his defiant spirit, prompting Mr Trump to threaten to withdraw business from the whisky company that sponsored it.
Mr Forbes has rusting machinery, fishing gear and any amount of farmyard jumble lying in the grounds around his house and outbuildings.
The appearance contrasts sharply with the carefully manicured fairways of Trump International Golf Links. But Mr Forbes insists he was not hurt by Mr Trump鈥檚 鈥減igsty鈥 jibe. He says he and his mother - who lives there too - laughed it off because they regard Mr Trump as 鈥渁 clown鈥.
Michael Forbes and his mother think Trump is 鈥渁 clown鈥
There was further dispute with the Milnes when the Trump construction team mounded earth around their property. It was later removed.
We have a great relationship with the vast majority of our neighbours鈥
And then there was the tree planting. The Milnes鈥 views up and down the coast used to be completely uninterrupted - but one day that changed.
David was at work when his phone rang. It was Moira. 鈥淭hey鈥檝e got a digger at the front of the house and they are planting trees,鈥 she told him. It appeared to be an attempt to screen off the property from view by golfers.
Asked to explain, Sarah Malone - who is in charge of Trump's Scottish business interests - said: 鈥淲e have the right to plant trees and you know it鈥檚 our land. Why wouldn鈥檛 we plant trees?鈥
She denied there was any attempt to bully the Milnes. 鈥淲e have a great relationship with the vast majority of our neighbours,鈥 she said.
In much of the Scottish media, Mr Trump has been portrayed as a neighbour from hell bullying the locals to get his own way. It is what he might nowadays dismiss as 鈥渇ake news鈥 that ignores the jobs, investment and visitors he has brought to the area.
The Milnes were not able to stop him developing the Menie estate but they have successfully resisted his attempts to get them out.
And Mr Trump also failed to stop some new neighbours arriving in the area.
Trump loved his new view...
They are electricity generating giants - the largest in Scottish waters and among the most advanced anywhere in the world.
Each of the 11 turbines that make up the Aberdeen offshore wind farm stands 191m tall. Each blade spans 80m. Together they should generate enough power for 80,000 homes.
Although they are sited more than a mile off the Aberdeenshire coast, they are strikingly obvious to anyone playing a round on Donald Trump鈥檚 golf course.
Some may find them aesthetically pleasing, relaxing even. But to Mr Trump they are an eyesore. He did everything he could to stop them being built, but failed.
Mr Trump is not a fan of wind power. He hates it with a passion. He argued that developing a wind energy industry in Scotland would ruin the environment, the tourist economy and trigger riots across the country.
鈥淭hey are so unattractive, so ugly, so noisy and so dangerous that, if Scotland does this, I think Scotland will be in serious trouble,鈥 he told the Scottish Parliament in 2012.
Appearing before a committee of MSPs, he accused two first ministers of Scotland of luring him to invest with false promises. Mr Trump had been friendly with both Labour鈥檚 Jack McConnell and his Scottish National Party successor Alex Salmond.
Both had visited the tycoon during trips to New York for the annual Tartan Day celebrations. Both were very keen to secure his investment for Scotland.
Mr Trump claimed they had privately assured him there was no way a wind farm would be allowed near his course. Both politicians strongly denied giving any such assurances.
Having made his opposition to wind farms abundantly clear, the Scottish Parliament asked Mr Trump for his evidence that they would be economically ruinous for Scotland.
He came out with a Trump classic. 鈥淚 am considered a world class expert in tourism,鈥 he replied. 鈥淪o when you say 鈥榳here is the expert and where is the evidence鈥 - I am the evidence!鈥
The Scottish Parliament was not persuaded. Neither were the courts. In 2015 the UK Supreme Court rejected his attempts to block the wind development.
Mr Trump claims the wind turbines damage the natural environment at the Menie estate. But his critics say his golf course has destroyed it.
The northern part of the course covers part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) regarded as one of Britain鈥檚 best examples of a mobile sand dune system.
Before construction work began in 2010 the dune system moved north at substantial speeds - up to 11m per year across an area of about 15 hectares. It was a living landscape, constantly evolving.
Construction vehicles on the Menie Estate in 2010
Government agency Scottish Natural Heritage has been monitoring the impact of the course on the landscape and plant life. It found habitat loss and damage to the dune system.
Dr Jim Hansom, a geomorphologist from Glasgow University, says he would be 鈥渁bsolutely surprised鈥 if the sand dunes were allowed to keep their SSSI status.
鈥淚t really should be de-notified because there鈥檚 no dynamism involved in that site now and that was the original justification for its notification,鈥 he says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been ruined from a virgin undeveloped wilderness site into something that鈥檚 relatively manicured.鈥
Scottish Natural Heritage, which objected to the original development, is assessing the scale of the damage to decide whether parts of the Menie site should lose SSSI protection.
It鈥檚 been ruined from a virgin undeveloped wilderness site鈥
Ms Malone says the Trump Organization is relaxed about the outcome.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think it matters to us. It may matter to other people and we鈥檒l be comfortable with whatever the option and the decision on that is,鈥 she says. Ms Malone insists that the Trump approach to environmental matters has been 鈥渇irst class鈥.
The deterioration of the sand dunes was predicted long before the wind farm row, and long before the first bulldozer arrived on the Menie estate. But those who gave Mr Trump the go-ahead decided it was a price worth paying for what he promised. A promise that, if not broken, is far from fulfilled.
Broken promises?
Ten years ago, the man who now occupies the Oval Office was invited to Aberdeenshire to give evidence at a public local inquiry about his golf course plans.
It was set up to examine the arguments for and against what Mr Trump said would be the world鈥檚 greatest golf course on the protected sand dunes.
Environmentalists claimed he was overstating its potential in order to justify building part of his course on the site. But in his evidence in June 2008, Mr Trump insisted the Menie estate had the rare qualities required for a world-beating golf course.
There were many bold claims about the proposed resort with big numbers attached. It was supposed to be a 拢1bn investment, creating about 6,000 jobs. It was to include not one but two championship golf courses, a 450-bedroom hotel and almost 1,500 holiday and residential homes.
The massive scale of this promised investment was suitably beguiling. It persuaded the local inquiry team and even government ministers that the economic benefit justified the environmental impact.
Telling the 2008 inquiry how Menie would make a world-class golf course
The Scottish government controversially called in Mr Trump鈥檚 planning application for a national decision after it was thrown out by Aberdeenshire Council. In November 2008 they granted him the planning permission he desired.
In those days Mr Trump was still chummy with Scotland鈥檚 first minister Alex Salmond, who was also the local MSP in Aberdeenshire. As first minister he was able to give the Trump team direct access to Scotland鈥檚 chief planner.
Salmond would be accused of misusing his position to help a billionaire, but a parliamentary inquiry found he had not broken the rules.
Much of what was promised by Mr Trump has yet to materialise. By 2018 the resort included one golf course and a club house, a 16-bedroom boutique hotel and some lodges.
The Trump Organization says it has spent around 拢100m, which is about 10% of what was promised. It says about 500 people were involved in construction and that it employs 150 people, including part-time and seasonal staff.
Mr Salmond, who supported the golf development as local MSP, says that is nowhere near good enough. 鈥淭he people who were putting it forward did not live up and honour the agreements they made to the Scottish people,鈥 he says.
A decade on, the Trump-Salmond relationship has soured. Global circumstances have also changed. The financial crisis intensified in late 2008, just as Mr Trump was granted planning permission for the golf course. More recently the 2014 oil price crash hit the Aberdeenshire economy hard.
Mr Trump did not use either as an excuse for delaying development. Instead, he put much of it on hold while he fought his legal battle against the wind farm.
Mr Salmond branded Mr Trump a 鈥渢hree-time loser鈥 in 2015 when he lost a third attempt to block the wind project at the UK Supreme Court. Mr Trump hit back calling Mr Salmond 鈥渁 has-been and totally irrelevant鈥. Their bitter feud has never really stopped.
With the wind farm fight decided, the leader of Aberdeenshire Council, Jim Gifford, has called on the Trump Organization to finish the job they began at Menie.
鈥淚 think they have an obligation to bring forward what they promised, that鈥檚 the bottom line of it,鈥 he says. 鈥淭he difficulty we have is we can鈥檛 force them to do that.鈥
Even if we鈥檇 only spent 拢10m that should be celebrated鈥
But the Trump Organization says it does not need to be forced, because it remains committed to further development.
鈥淲e haven鈥檛 finished,鈥 says Ms Malone. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a multi-phase project and we鈥檙e not stupid. This wasn鈥檛 going to get built overnight.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a long-term investment opportunity for us and that鈥檚 how Mr Trump has always approached it. Even if we鈥檇 only spent 拢10m that should be celebrated.鈥
What has been built so far is celebrated by some, especially in the Aberdeenshire business community. And the course itself, designed by Martin Hawtree, is frequently listed among the world鈥檚 great golf courses. Golf Monthly describes it as 鈥渁 masterpiece, an instant classic鈥.
Mr Trump courted, then clashed with Scotland鈥檚 political leaders as he sought to get his own way with the golf development. But it鈥檚 nothing compared to how relations deteriorated when he ran for president.
Politics and protest
While running for office in December 2015, Donald Trump suggested banning citizens from majority Muslim countries entering the US. There was outrage in Scotland.
Scotland鈥檚 new first minister Nicola Sturgeon removed his status as a 鈥淕lobal Scot鈥 - a business ambassador who acts for Scotland on the world stage.
It was a symbolic gesture soon followed by another, as Aberdeen鈥檚 Robert Gordon University took back the honorary degree they had bestowed upon the businessman in 2010.
As the Scottish Parliament election approached in 2016, Scottish party leaders across the political spectrum became bolder in their opposition.
Donald Trump receiving an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University in 2010 (it was later revoked)
Labour鈥檚 Kezia Dugdale described Candidate Trump as 鈥渁n arse鈥 and travelled to the United States to campaign for Hillary Clinton. And Ruth Davidson of the Scottish Conservatives told a TV debate she had 鈥渢oo much faith in the people of the US to ever let that man anywhere near the White House鈥.
At that same debate Ms Sturgeon said 鈥渨e should all rejoice鈥 when the American people 鈥渟end Donald Trump packing鈥. When asked how she鈥檇 handle a phone call from President Trump if he did win the election, she imagined herself saying: 鈥淚鈥檓 on the other line, sorry.鈥
She imagined incorrectly. A few months later she took that call. Mr Trump phoned to thank her for the letter which she wrote congratulating him on his victory. It probably wasn鈥檛 the easiest letter she鈥檚 had to write.
At the same time protesters took to the streets of Scotland鈥檚 cities, when the newly inaugurated president enacted his controversial travel ban in January 2017.
Nicola Sturgeon had not anticipated a Trump victory
Ms Sturgeon has continued to speak out against some of Mr Trump鈥檚 policies, such as the detention of child migrants separated from their parents.
On visits to the US she has prioritised business links over engagement with the Trump administration and met some of his high-profile critics, including Hillary Clinton.
The first minister has said she would be prepared to meet the president when he visits Scotland, but no plans were made for her to see him during his latest trip.
There are those who think it was a mistake for Scotland鈥檚 politicians to take sides in a foreign election against the man who now occupies the highest political office on the planet.
Trump鈥檚 travel ban brought protests to Edinburgh in 2017
鈥淚t was very unseemly. It鈥檚 not what you do,鈥 says Sebastian Gorka, a former adviser to the Trump administration. He warns that there could be repercussions for Scotland.
鈥淵ou鈥檇 have to ask the president but he has a very, very long memory. He doesn鈥檛 forget stuff.鈥
American-Scot Jack Perry takes the view that ignoring any president is not an option. Mr Perry was head of the development agency Scottish Enterprise when Mr Trump first mooted building his golf course.
鈥淵ou can dislike the man, you can dislike his politics, you can dislike his public pronouncements,鈥 he says. 鈥淏ut there still has to be some respect for the office. I don鈥檛 think you have any choice but to deal with him.鈥
It is especially difficult to ignore a US president who now owns two major golf resorts in your country.
Trump鈥檚 future in Scotland
Donald Trump never made any secret of his ambition to bring major golf tournaments to Scotland. 鈥淚 think we鈥檒l have the Ryder Cup,鈥 he said in 2013. 鈥淚 think we鈥檒l have the Open. I think we will have many, many great tournaments over the years.鈥
A year later he added a second Scottish property to his golf portfolio - the famous Turnberry resort in Ayrshire. His investment here was far less controversial than his dealings in Aberdeenshire. He restored a fading classic to grandeur - adding a ballroom, chandeliers and a touch of Trump bling.
Improvements to the courses at Trump Turnberry have been well received. It was described as 鈥渁 jewel in the crown of Ayrshire鈥 by Val Russell from the local chamber of commerce. She said dealings with the Trump Organization had been nothing but positive.
But neither of Mr Trump鈥檚 Scottish venues has yet been awarded the right to host a major yet. So far, that ambition is unfulfilled. And it seems to play on the president鈥檚 mind.
He may have temporarily handed control of his businesses to his sons, but golf and Scotland remain something of a pre-occupation. When the Wall Street Journal was invited into the White House for an interview, his mind strayed in that direction.
In the middle of a conversation about post-Brexit trade, he wondered if Scotland might hold a second independence referendum. If it did, he thought this would be 鈥渢errible鈥. Chief among his apparent concerns, it seems, was the impact on golf in an independent Scotland.
鈥淲hat would they do with the British Open if they ever got out?鈥 he asked. 鈥淭hey鈥檇 no longer have the British Open. Keep it in Scotland鈥.
A family affair: Trump Turnberry is opened in 2016
But the Open may not come Mr Trump鈥檚 way. At least not while he鈥檚 president. No matter how good his courses, the Trump brand is just too controversial for some tournaments and their sponsors. Take the Scottish Open championship, part of the European tour, for example.
It鈥檚 sponsored by Aberdeen Standard Investments. Its joint chief executive, Martin Gilbert, is a friend of the president and attended his inauguration. Mr Gilbert has expressed a desire to take the Scottish Open back to Aberdeenshire - but not to Mr Trump鈥檚 Menie resort.
鈥淭rump鈥檚 is a great course but there are issues if we went there - and the worst thing would be if he came,鈥 Mr Gilbert said in 2017. 鈥淧olitics aside, Trump would be an ideal venue but you can鈥檛 put politics aside.鈥
We are in uncharted territory with the president鈥檚 family owning golf courses鈥
The Royal and Ancient (R&A) - the governing body that decides where the Open is played - has a greater dilemma. They already have Turnberry on the official rota of venues that host the tournament.
The Open was last at Turnberry in 2009, before Mr Trump took over, and would be expected to secure a return visit fairly soon. The next available year is 2022. But the decision will likely have to be taken while he is still in office.
鈥淔or all of us in the game, we are in uncharted territory here with the president鈥檚 family owning golf courses,鈥 says R&A chief executive Martin Slumbers. 鈥淲e鈥檙e all learning as we go.鈥
It鈥檚 possible that Turnberry will remain an Open venue without actually hosting it again until Mr Trump leaves the White House. That would certainly avoid the inevitable howl of protest and a potential boycott.
Despite all the rebuffs he鈥檚 had in Scotland, Mr Trump is not one who gives up without a fight. As Malone puts it: 鈥淲e absolutely will host majors. That鈥檚 why it was designed.鈥
The Menie development was also intended - according to Mr Trump - as a tribute to his Scottish mother, Mary-Anne MacLeod, who was born and raised on the isle of Lewis. Mr Trump鈥檚 hotel here, a restored baronial mansion from the early 19th Century, is named MacLeod House in her memory.
Further development of the resort may be required if it is to host big tournaments. The Trump Organization has already submitted a planning application for a second golf course.
And despite the wind turbines President Trump loves to hate now being in place, the company he founded has also drawn up plans to build a resort village in Aberdeenshire.
It includes a mixture of 550 residential homes and holiday accommodation, but no big hotel. The scene is set for a fresh fight with the planning authorities.
The political atmosphere has changed a great deal since Donald Trump was being courted by successive Scottish governments in the mid-2000s. Politicians are much warier of him and his business empire now and would not want to be seen to give special favours.
Yet if they want more Trump investment it seems further compromise will be required. A formal planning application was expected to be lodged in Aberdeenshire in early 2018. It has yet to materialise. And who knows when it will.
That is as unpredictable as President Trump himself.
And despite the wind turbines Mr Trump loves to hate now being in place, the company he founded has also drawn up plans to build a resort village in Aberdeenshire.
It includes a mixture of 550 residential homes and holiday accommodation, but no big hotel. The scene is set for a fresh fight with the planning authorities.
The political atmosphere has changed a great deal since Mr Trump was being courted by successive Scottish governments in the mid-2000s. Politicians are much warier of him and his business empire now and would not want to be seen to give special favours.
Yet if they want more Trump investment it seems further compromise will be required. A formal planning application was expected to be lodged in Aberdeenshire in early 2018. It has yet to materialise. And who knows when it will.
That is as unpredictable as President Trump himself.
