Emmanuel Macron
The meteoric rise of France's youngest president
Now he has won.
What sort of president will he be? And what drove him to the top?
Burning Ambition
On a cool April night in 2016, a couple of hundred people gathered in a provincial town north of Paris.
The guests were mostly the family and friends of the speaker, France鈥檚 Economy Minister, Emmanuel Macron. It was a low-key event 鈥 the simple room unadorned, the minister鈥檚 wife taking notes in the front row.
鈥淚t felt like being at a wedding," according to one account - 鈥渁 small room, emotion, a speech鈥. In fact, it was a birth.
After holding forth for an hour on the future of French industry and employment, Macron delivered the message he鈥檇 come to convey - the launch of a new political movement, En Marche! (On The Move!)
It was a bold move for a man working at the heart of France鈥檚 Socialist government. Brought in to politics by Francois Hollande, Macron was seen as the president鈥檚 political prot茅g茅, perhaps destined for greatness in the future. Few had any inkling he would make a bid for it so soon.
And so, that night in Amiens, there were no flags to herald the new movement, no TV cameras, no campaign leaflets. Yet, in less than a year, its young leader overtook the country鈥檚 established politicians to become the front-runner in France鈥檚 presidential race - the most rapid political coming-of-age modern France had ever seen.
鈥淚n months, he went from child to teenager, and teenager to adult,鈥 says Alain Minc, a mentor and close associate who advised Macron on his political career.
鈥淚 have known him intimately for 15 years, but I'm quite surprised how quickly he learns politics,鈥 Minc says. 鈥淗e's a cat - you throw him through the window and he manages to fall on his feet.鈥
But politics wasn鈥檛 always Emmanuel鈥檚 Macron鈥檚 ambition. At school in Amiens, he wanted to be a novelist.
He had a reputation as a brilliant, precocious boy, remembers Antoine Marguet, his class-mate from the private Jesuit school, La Providence. Macron read classic French literature, he said, and wrote poems, and a novel featuring Spanish conquistadors.
鈥淓mmanuel Macron has always been different,鈥 recalls Marguet. 鈥淎t an age when most people only watch TV, he just read. He was the teacher鈥檚 equal in some ways. [He had] an Olympic intelligence 鈥 each time further, higher, faster.
Everyone who came across him knew at the time that he was somebody extraordinary - that he was different.鈥
Someone who certainly saw him that way was Brigitte Trogneux, his drama teacher. 鈥淗e wasn鈥檛 like the others,鈥 she told a French documentary last year, 鈥渉e wasn鈥檛 a teenager. He had a relationship of equals with other adults.鈥
Macron attended La Providence school in Amiens
One day, she remembers, he came to her with plans to write a play together for her final year drama class. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 think it would go very far,鈥 she said. 鈥淚 thought he would get bored. We wrote, and little by little I was totally overcome by the intelligence of this boy.鈥
At 16, Macron left Amiens to finish his schooling in Paris, vowing to marry his former teacher. 鈥淲e鈥檇 call each other all the time and spend hours on the phone,鈥 she remembered. 鈥淏it by bit, he defeated all my resistance, in an amazing way, with patience.鈥
Brigitte Trogneux was 24 years older than Macron, and married with three children. But she left her husband, and began a relationship with her former pupil. The couple married in 2007.
It鈥檚 an unusual love story that reveals a lot about Macron鈥檚 determination and self-belief, says Anne Fulda, author of a new book on his rise.
Macron told her that he had 鈥渇ought to live his life. It wasn鈥檛 easy, wasn鈥檛 the most obvious and automatic of lives; it didn鈥檛 match the established way of doing things.鈥
For years, the couple avoided publicity, Fulda says, but there was a subtle shift after Emmanuel Macron launched his presidential bid:
He wants to give the idea that, if he was able to seduce a woman 24 years his senior and a mother of three children, in a small provincial town... despite opprobrium and mockery, he can conquer France in the same way."
Courtesy: Paris Match
The Run For President
When En Marche was launched in April 2016, it was mocked by some in the establishment as a naive, flabby idea that was doomed to fail. One fellow minister marked the launch by posting a wry link on social media to a song titled I Walk Alone.
But Emmanuel Macron wasn鈥檛 alone for long. En Marche recruited more than 200,000 members, though joining the movement costs nothing and doesn鈥檛 require supporters to give up their membership of other political parties.
And as his movement grew, so did speculation that he would announce his bid for the presidency.
The roots of Macron鈥檚 decision to run for president stretch back decades, and are covered by thick foliage of his own making - story-telling, image and myth. But Alain Minc is in no doubt that his prot茅g茅 has 鈥渁lways鈥 seen himself heading for the top job.
I'll tell you the first words I exchanged with him 15 years ago... I [asked him] 鈥榳hat will you be in 20 years from now?' Macron answered: 鈥業'll be president鈥. 鈥
鈥淚 did my best to convince him to run in 2022,鈥 Minc says, 鈥渁nd he told me: 鈥榊ou are wrong, there is an opportunity [now].鈥欌
In fact, says political writer Marc Endeweld, author of The Ambiguous Mr Macron, 鈥渆verything was all ready to go from the autumn of 2015鈥.
It was only because of the November 2015 attacks, and then the Brussels attacks in March 2016, that Macron waited to launch his movement until April, he says.
Aftermath of the 2015 Paris attacks
Mathieu Laine was one of a small coterie of people around Emmanuel Macron urging him to run.
鈥淲e made something extraordinary,鈥 he says. 鈥淎t the beginning, we were maybe four people around him. Emmanuel is very focused and he loves collective intelligence. It was step-by-step - he didn鈥檛 just one day arrive at this idea.鈥
When I get through to Laine at the offices of his market research company in London, he鈥檚 on the other line to Macron鈥檚 team.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 want to say I call Emmanuel more than my fantastic wife,鈥 he jokes when we finally speak, 鈥渂ut he鈥檚 number two! We exchange around 15 texts a day.鈥
Macron with President Hollande
He says the timing of Macron鈥檚 bid for the presidency was heavily influenced by his experience in President Francois Hollande鈥檚 government.
As economy minister, Macron was embroiled in a struggle to push through a series of liberal economic reforms, nicknamed the Loi Macron (Macron Law). But divisions in the governing Socialist party and resistance in the National Assembly left him disillusioned.
鈥淗is legs were broken by the system,鈥 says Mathieu Laine.
I remember telling him at the time - there鈥檚 only one job where you can reform the country, and that鈥檚 president of the Republic. I pushed him a lot to do it.鈥
Macron faced public opposition to his economic policies
In December 2015, Laine wrote an opinion piece for the weekly news magazine, Le Point, calling on Macron to run in the 2017 presidential race. It was the first public shot in the campaign.
The scales tipped, he says, the following summer. The timing was right. And in November 2016, Macron announced his candidacy for president of France.
How En Marche!
Took Shape
The vibe at Camp Macron is more Silicon Valley than central Paris. Primary colours dominate, T-shirts form the backbone of the uniform, bunk-beds stand ready to catch exhausted volunteers, most of whom are under 30.
On the wall behind Raphael Coulhon, part of the finance team, is a hand-drawn cartoon of Macron as Superman. 鈥淚 put that up,鈥 he laughs.
It's not a personality cult, but that said, it's true that we all believe in him, his ideas. We're all behind him.鈥
Macron has repeatedly said he wants to create a new kind of politics. And with no established party structure to rely on, the loyalty of willing supporters is key. 鈥淭his movement is only what we make it,鈥 runs the call to arms of En Marche. 鈥淔rom the first day, it depends on the involvement of each one of us.鈥
Strong personal appeal is also useful when you鈥檙e trying to bridge deep ideological divides, like that between France鈥檚 left- and right-wing parties. But all political movements need ideas to unite behind.
Macron鈥檚 personal charisma might have helped to launch his movement, but his challenge was to come up with a political programme that could appeal to centrists from both left and right.
Before drawing up any policies 鈥 or even any concrete principles 鈥 Macron鈥檚 campaign carried out a nationwide door-to-door campaign, interviewing voters individually on their attitudes and complaints.
鈥淚n general when you want to write a [political] programme, you call the experts,鈥 explains Guillaume Liegey, founder of an electoral consulting firm that works with En Marche. 鈥淓xperts are very smart, but it's good to have input from the field and that's what En Marche provided.鈥
The Grande Marche (Great Walkabout), as it was called, resulted in 25,000 separate and unusually detailed interviews with voters, says Liegey.
The origin of this idea 鈥渨as absolutely the Obama campaign鈥 in 2008, where Liegey earned his own electoral spurs. The same technology that Liegey and his friends used to gather data on what American voters were thinking back then was adopted by En Marche to analyse their conversations with voters in France.
En Marche volunteers asked each voter they met two questions - what works in France, and what doesn鈥檛 work?
And there were interesting contradictions. 鈥淢any people said schools worked,鈥 Liegey remembers, 鈥渂ut to the question of what doesn鈥檛 work, they said the national education system. They see schools and the system as different. So it doesn鈥檛 give you a straightforward solution.鈥
From his first public speech, announcing his intention to run, Macron has made much of his dislike of the system, while presenting himself as 鈥減ositive鈥 about France itself.
I鈥檝e seen inside the vacuum of our political system, which stops the majority of ideas because they might threaten the machine, the traditional parties, vested interests鈥 Our political system is blocked.鈥
When Macron finally did go public with his political programme, it was ridiculed for being too vague, too general 鈥 a charge that followed him right through to the last days of the campaign. Macron, his critics say, is for and against everything.
Macron's rival for the French presidency, Marine Le Pen
In a presidential debate, in the run-up to polling day, his far-right rival Marine Le Pen shook her head and laughed after he finished his contribution, saying: 鈥淵ou know what, Mr Macron, you鈥檙e incredibly talented - you鈥檝e managed to speak for seven minutes and I can鈥檛 summarise what you think. You鈥檝e said nothing, it鈥檚 an absolute void.鈥
But Liegey says Macron is pragmatic. 鈥淚 don't think France needs more ideas,鈥 he says. 鈥淚 think it's a question of methods. If you want to change the country you have to be methodical, you can't just say 鈥業'm going to do it鈥. You need a plan.鈥
You also need a bit of luck, and Macron has been lucky in several ways.
A large part of his rise can be traced to the struggles of France鈥檚 two established parties - the governing Socialists, and the centre-right Republicans. Both are battling declining appeal amid an electorate weary of the old political to-and-fro, with what many see as little real change.
Division and lethargy have dogged the Socialist Party for years, while gloom hung over the centre-right Republicans party since their candidate, Francois Fillon, became embroiled in a damaging financial scandal.
Francois Fillon
That disillusionment with established parties is something Macron 鈥 and his far-right rival Marine Le Pen 鈥 played on heavily. And it worked.
Macron cannibalised the Socialist Party鈥檚 support, and won over some high-profile figures, including the former prime-minister Manuel Valls, once seen as a bitter enemy.
Macron and Valls pictured in 2016
Macron took many people by surprise, says political writer Marc Endeweld, because France has a 鈥渃ompletely gerontocratic political system, and for these old plutocrats, the idea that a young, ambitious man of 39 would have presidential ambitions seemed so crazy, it was unbelievable.鈥
Where once the young candidate was loudly ridiculed as a 鈥渃hampagne bubble鈥 liable to pop, with no established party behind him and no previous electoral experience, there鈥檚 now a stunned silence.
He鈥檚 bold, he takes risks, he鈥檚 a gambler.鈥
But Macron has also been lucky, he says, that popular centrist figures like the Republican Alain Juppe and the Socialist Manuel Valls lost their party primaries to more hard-line rivals, leaving a broad swathe of space in the centre of French politics empty for the taking.
鈥淚 told him he must have a contract with God, to have so much luck over the past few months,鈥 Minc says.
鈥淭wo weeks ago, we had dinner, and I asked him whether it was an indefinite contract. He said, 鈥榶es鈥. That鈥檚 important. He took a risk, and it isn鈥檛 finished.鈥
Macron The Politician
Macron鈥檚 long-awaited manifesto was launched one spring morning, in a glitzy meeting hall off the Champs-Elysees. Inside, with sunlight dancing through the French windows, smartly-dressed waiters served orange juice and coffee to queues of waiting journalists.
The launch was days after the Hollywood film La La Land won several Oscars, sparking a snide new nickname for Emmanuel Macron - 鈥淏la-Bla-Land鈥. All talk, no policies.
But instead, his manifesto seemed to offer policies for everyone - help for farmers, for industry, for employers, for workers, for entrepreneurs. Tax cuts alongside support for those on low incomes. Spending cuts nestling next to 鈧50bn of public investment.
He bounded onto the stage and spoke at length about his proposals. 鈥淧eople will ask if it鈥檚 a programme of the left or the right,鈥 he said. 鈥淚 want it to be a programme that brings France into the 21st Century.鈥
Macron on the EU:
A smiling Macron had promised to answer every single question from the hundreds of journalists packed into the hall. Three hours in, a French journalist brought up Macron鈥檚 past as an investment banker, questioning whether he was capable of attracting working-class votes.
It prompted a vehement tirade from the En Marche leader against the idea that he was part of a privileged elite. 鈥淚 was born in a provincial town, in a family that had nothing to do with the world of journalists, politicians or bankers,鈥 he expostulated, clearly annoyed.
I climbed the ranks with the help of school. I made my choices and I took all the risks鈥 It鈥檚 with a lot of pride that I say I am the candidate of the working and middle classes.鈥
Macron can be sensitive about his background. The story he tells about himself is of a boy from outside the establishment, who rose to prominence through merit and hard work. 鈥淢y grandparents were a teacher, railway worker, social worker, and bridges and roadways engineer, all came from modest backgrounds.鈥
Alternative views on his roots and his rise can sometimes appear unwelcome.
鈥淭he fact that you worked for a bank and earned money is not such a bad thing in the UK,鈥 explains his friend Mathieu Laine. 鈥淚n France, it鈥檚 different. He always has to explain that it鈥檚 not bad to have worked in the private sector. It鈥檚 always the same question. But I agree with you that he doesn鈥檛 control his emotions. He鈥檚 very polite, but he can have some intensity.鈥
- 鈧50bn (拢43bn) public investment plan for job-training, shift to renewable energy, infrastructure and modernisation
- Reimbursement of full cost of glasses, dentures and hearing aids
- Big cut in corporation tax and leeway for companies to renegotiate 35-hour week
- Cut in jobless rate to 7% (now 9.7%)
- Ban on mobile use in schools for under-15s and a 鈧500 culture
pass for 18-year-olds
Liberal economic reform, of the kind Macron advocates, is a divisive issue in France.
Left-wing stalwarts, including many of the unions, fiercely oppose making it easier for companies to hire and fire staff, set salaries, or extend working hours.
Macron has not done well with blue-collar workers, while his far-right rival Marine Le Pen was always going to perform well with that section of the vote.
Reacting to her former colleague鈥檚 proposals, a senior member of the Socialist Party, Martine Aubry, exploded: 鈥淯p until now, Emmanuel Macron thought that being launched as a new product with a sparkling smile would be enough to be elected president. And I always say鈥 when things are vague, there鈥檚 a wolf.
Now that we鈥檝e seen his programme it鈥檚 not a wolf we鈥檙e dealing with, but a pack of wolves.鈥
His economic programme, said Aubry, 鈥渢akes up the liberal agenda of the Anglo-Saxons in the 1980s. It鈥檚 about reducing public services, reducing deficits, and for workers to work more and be paid less.鈥
There are plenty of centre-left Socialists who agree with the need for economic reform, and Macron has described himself as 鈥渁 man of the left鈥, but mentor Alain Minc says there is something different about what he鈥檚 offering.
鈥淗e's a leftist liberal, and that is new in French politics,鈥 he says. 鈥淭here has been a social democrat wing in the Socialist Party but he believes much more in the strengths of the market.鈥
Tony Blair
鈥淗e's a Blairist,鈥 he concludes. 鈥淗e's Tony Blair's son.鈥
Some would argue that he went further than the former British prime minister, in the later stages of his campaign, in an attempt to win over right-wing voters. But cross-party appeal has never been easy.
In order to try and pass his economic reforms, during his time as minister, Emmanuel Macron turned to right-wing MPs for help.
鈥淚t was a nightmare for him,鈥 says his friend Mathieu Laine. 鈥淎 lot of these [right wing] MPs said, 鈥極h, the Loi Macron is a very good bill, but as it comes from the left, we won鈥檛 vote for it鈥. It was the beginning of the idea, among our very small group, that we should break this way of doing politics.鈥
For Macron, politics in France is no longer a battle between right and left ideology, but one between protectionism and globalisation. His staunchest adversary is not the Socialist Party he deserted, nor the Republican Party of Francois Fillon, but the closed-border, anti-liberal policies of Marine Le Pen.
Macron talks about Marine Le Pen:
And nothing divides him and Le Pen more strongly than the issue of Europe. Macron is alone among the candidates in being enthusiastically pro-EU.
鈥淗e's European in the way his generation is,鈥 says Minc. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not so much about the weight of the war or [the EU] as an instrument of peace, it's natural.
He belongs to the new generation. And I think he will change the way our partners are looking to France.鈥
Questions of immigration, culture and national identity have risen to the fore in this campaign, and in his 鈥渃ontract with the nation鈥, published at the manifesto launch in Paris, Macron lists education as his top priority 鈥 鈥渢he source of our national cohesion鈥.
Teachers have played a crucial role in Macron鈥檚 life and career. Well before he married his own drama teacher, there was another woman teacher he adored - his maternal grandmother, Manette.
鈥淪he helped me believe in my political destiny,鈥 Macron told biographer, Anne Fulda.
His grandmother was 鈥渄emanding and determined鈥, Fulda wrote in her account of Macron鈥檚 life. 鈥淪he wasn鈥檛 indulgent. She opened the door to reading and culture for him.鈥
Macron would call his grandmother every night, Fulda says, whether he was working at Rothschild, or for the government. His father, by contrast, said he saw Macron just once a year during his time in the government.
He鈥檚 always needed women to speak to, first his grandmother, now [his wife] Brigitte.鈥
Image v Reality
As well as influencing his thinking, Emmanuel Macron鈥檚 grandmother gave him something else - solid working-class credentials.
Manette鈥檚 own mother had been illiterate, and the story of her great-grandson making it to the Elysee Palace is a romantic tale 鈥 far more romantic than the tale of a neurologist鈥檚 son who ran for president after a stint in an investment bank.
Macron has often spoken about the close bond he had with his grandmother, talking about her in his book and in interviews, to the extent that his parents have somewhat faded from the picture.
鈥淚f you read some articles, Emmanuel doesn鈥檛 have a family!鈥 his mother Francoise Nogues Macron told the biographer Anne Fulda. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 something I don鈥檛 take well at all.鈥
鈥淚t was a provincial, bourgeois family life, with parents who worked a lot but gave their children a reassuring and protective cocoon.鈥
[It was] a pretty traditional family, nothing like the wonderful, fantastical world drawn up by Emmanuel where only his grandmother seemed to exist.鈥
Macron鈥檚 political image is built around the idea that he is outside the system, not part of France鈥檚 established political class - his provincial roots and illiterate great-grandmother presented in contrast to a privileged Parisian elite.
But Macron鈥檚 parents were both doctors, his school in Amiens was private, and at 16 he headed to Paris to attend one of France鈥檚 most prestigious schools, Lycee Henri IV, before graduating from the central clearing-house for French leaders, the Ecole Nationale d鈥橝dminstration.
Once out of college, he regularly met with France鈥檚 king-makers and political elites, and became wealthy while working as an investment banker at Rothschild. So can he truly be described as the anti-establishment candidate?
鈥淚t would be a little outrageous to say it,鈥 admits Alain Minc. 鈥淗e's anti-political system, but he's the best product of the French system. The system gives a chance to newcomers - like Georges Pompidou, Raymond Barre, Robert Badinter, Jacques Delors - but he took it more quickly and with a sense of gamble the others did not have.鈥
The sense of Macron as a gambler comes up regularly among those who know him, along with frequent descriptions of him as clever and charming. 鈥淗e鈥檚 extremely smart,鈥 says Mathieu Laine, 鈥淎t the same time he鈥檚 someone very human, with a lot of empathy. Very positive and generous in relationships.鈥
Antoine Marguet
He knows how to make you feel you鈥檙e the most important person in the world.鈥
At rallies, Macron seems to give himself completely to the moment - hoarse with emotion, almost Messianic, he shouts into the auditorium, head thrown back, arms wide, telling his political fans that he loves them, that he needs them beside him. It鈥檚 rock-star politics.
But in an interview with Anne Fulda, his wife Brigitte hinted at another side to Macron.
Nobody enters his perimeter. He keeps people at a distance.鈥
Then there鈥檚 the story of how Macron handled his departure from President Hollande鈥檚 government, in order to launch a presidential bid of his own.
According to the daily newspaper, Le Monde, two days before launching En Marche, Macron took the president aside at the Elysee Palace and told him 鈥渁s if it were nothing鈥 鈥 鈥淥h by the way, I wanted to tell you: I鈥檓 doing a thing in Amiens on 6 April. I鈥檓 launching a youth movement, a sort of think tank.鈥
Macron with President Francois Hollande
鈥淗e reached that day the peak of his duplicity,鈥 a former adviser told the paper. 鈥淚t鈥檚 what I call the ambiguity of Emmanuel Macron. There鈥檚 political ambiguity, but ambiguity also in his relations with other people, including powerful people.鈥
鈥淗e plays a game of smoke and mirrors with the president,鈥 Endeweld says. 鈥淟ike a snake, he lets him go to sleep, and Francois Hollande didn鈥檛 want to face up to reality.
You have to understand that Macron is the narcissistic projection of the son Hollande would like to have had. He was politically seduced by Macron.鈥
鈥淚 think he鈥檚 someone who鈥檚 very hard and determined behind the amiable and seductive facade,鈥 Fulda concludes. Like a lot of intelligent people, he gets bored easily. He likes the seduction and the chase, but once he has it, he wants to move on to something else.鈥
Macron believes strongly in his own powers of persuasion. He talks to everyone, smiling for selfies, ready to debate with both friends and adversaries, and during his time as economy minister, famously walked out of a meeting with students in Herault to engage with protesters shouting outside.
They were demonstrating against the economic reforms Macron was trying to pass. Macron, as one French paper put it, 鈥渓ost first his smile, and then his temper鈥.
鈥淚 can鈥檛 afford a suit like yours,鈥 one of the protesters said to him.
鈥淵ou don鈥檛 scare me with your T-shirt,鈥 Macron shot back. 鈥淭he best way to afford a suit is to work.鈥
French railway workers march to protest against labour laws, June 2016
There were several such cracks in Macron鈥檚 smooth exterior during his presidential campaign. Two months before the first round of the election, he caused uproar by saying that French actions in the Algerian War of Independence constituted a 鈥渃rime against humanity鈥.
The Algerian War of Independence, 1954-62, is still a controversial topic in France
The same month, he sparked protest among left-wing voters by saying that those who had demonstrated against gay marriage had been 鈥渉umiliated鈥.
Moments like this appear to some as unscripted glimpses of the 鈥渞eal鈥 Macron - the gaffes of a young, inexperienced politician. But according to Nicolas Prisette, the author of a book on Macron, they are instead carefully calculated to appeal to various parts of his support. 鈥淭he extreme left is delighted about these adventures, which have the added virtue of consolidating the sympathies of some right-wing voters,鈥 he writes.
Macron attacks the totems of the left, and seduces the electorate of the right.鈥
It鈥檚 not always easy to separate the storytelling from the substance when it comes to Emmanuel Macron. An investment banker who launches a grassroots movement; a product of the establishment who runs as an anti-system candidate; a private man who seems open to everyone, but needs no one.
鈥淗e鈥檚 complex,鈥 his school friend Marguet says. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think there is a 鈥榬eal鈥 Emmanuel Macron.鈥
What Kind Of President?
From the very first days of En Marche, Emmanuel Macron has created the sense that everyone has a stake in his rise, and that the levers of power will be collectively and democratically pulled.
The creed of his new movement has been 鈥渨e鈥 - politicians and people together, a French echo of Obama鈥檚 successful 2008 motto, 鈥測es we can鈥.
Half of his cabinet are women, and half of his movement鈥檚 National Assembly candidates were women, leading to a record number winning seats. He also ensured that half of his candidates came from outside the political system.
But not everyone agrees that a Macron presidency will bring a fresh wind blowing through the Elysee Palace. Political biographer Marc Endeweld says that, despite the mood of what might be described as horizontal democracy, Emmanuel Macron has always been the one with real power: 鈥淵ou have to realise that in the end, En Marche is something very vertical; there isn鈥檛 really a campaign manager, Emmanuel Macron has compartmentalised his relations a lot. And he has a conception of power that is extremely personal.鈥
In an interview with a weekly news magazine in July 2015, Macron talked about an 鈥渋ncompleteness鈥 at the heart of French politics.
鈥淭hat absence is the figure of the king,鈥 he said, 鈥渨hich I don鈥檛 think the French people fundamentally wanted to die. The Terror [during the French Revolution] dug an emotional, imaginary and collective void - the king isn鈥檛 there anymore! We鈥檝e tried to fill that void, to put other people in it鈥 And all we want from the president is for him to occupy that function.鈥
Execution of King Louis XVI, 21 January 1793
Macron has become much more brutal, much more cynical, much more professional, suggests Alain Minc.
And when people say he's too young, he'll be a soft president 鈥 pah! He'll be very authoritarian, very political, very presidential, very cynical - fortunately. I don't worry at all about that.鈥
Anne Fulda believes this single-mindedness could help him be a good president. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not difficult for him to burn his bridges with people who helped him. He鈥檚 used the system very well to his effect, but he wouldn鈥檛 have a problem tearing it up.鈥
Protesters march against Macron's economic policies, 2015
Macron鈥檚 proposed reforms sparked big demonstrations during his time as economy minister. And he has said he鈥檚 determined to stand firm against further disruptions should he win power.
After an election as polarised as this one, implementing his proposals may not be easy.
Protesters march against Macron's economic policies, 2014
And what critics and supporters alike agree on is that Macron is not adept at dealing with failure. He seems to have had few disappointments in life, barring his failure to pass the entry exam for the Ecole Normale Superieure (one of France's top schools).
The business of government is likely to be tough. Macron believes he has found a new political model for France - one that attempts to unite people across an ideological divide that has existed since the Revolution.
But bridging this fault-line and sustaining it under pressure was difficult at times during his campaign. Bridging it when in power 鈥 most likely without a majority in the National Assembly 鈥 could be even tougher. But for Emmanuel Macron, this new way of gathering support is the answer to what he believes is the end of the 鈥渁ncien regime鈥 in French politics.
Marine Le Pen has built her growing appeal on uniting left and right voters behind the promise of a protectionist, populist agenda. He plans to do the same behind an agenda based on globalisation, open borders and free-trade.
His coronation as France鈥檚 democratic leader marks not just the start of a new presidency, but a new chapter in French politics -the king is dead, long live the king.
