����ý

Researchers have used genome editing to generate hornless cattle, which then pass on the trait to their offspring.

The absence of the horns means they cannot use them to injure other animals - or, indeed, humans.

Dehorning - along with "disbudding", which removes the horn buds at an early age - is an unpleasant process with implications for animal welfare.

Hornless cattle are easier to transport and need less space at a feeding trough.

The scientists from the University of California, Davis, along with one colleague from the University of Mansoura, Egypt, have

"We've demonstrated that healthy hornless calves with only the intended edit can be produced, and we provided data to help inform the process for evaluating genome-edited animals," said co-author Alison Van Eenennaam, from the UC Davis department of animal science.

Dr Van Eenennaam said genome-editing offered a pain-free genetic alternative to removing the horns physically.

In 2016, scientists reported that two male dairy bulls had been born with a hornless mutation that had been introduced into their DNA sequence using genome editing.

The mutation is dominant, which - in this case - means that all the calves end up with the hornless trait.

Regulatory 're-think'

The latest work was carried out to determine whether the genome edit had been faithfully passed on to one of the bulls' offspring - and to look for any unexpected changes.

The researchers sequenced the genomes (the full complements of DNA stored in the nuclei of animal cells) of the calves and their parents for analysis.

This showed unequivocally that the genome-edited traits had been passed on to the calves.

Is the world ready for GM animals?

The use of genetically engineered animals could revolutionise whole areas of public health and agriculture, according to advocates. But is the world ready for modified mosquitoes and GM salmon? Read the feature

A short stretch of bacterial DNA called a plasmid, used to deliver the hornless genetic variant to the parent bull, had been incorporated alongside one of the two hornless genetic variants.

Dr Van Eenennaam said the plasmid does no harm to the animals, but its inclusion technically makes the genome-edited bull a genetically-modified organism (GMO) in the traditional sense, because it contains foreign DNA from another species.

The researchers found no unintended genetic alterations in the calves.

Since the original work to produce the hornless cattle, which was initiated by , new methods have been developed that no longer use plasmids or any other foreign DNA sequence.

Some scientists see the advent of genome editing as an opportunity to re-think the current US regulatory regime surrounding genetically modified animals.

The process for getting genetically modified food animals to market is regarded as costly and long by those involved in the field. So far, only one genetically modified animal has successfully navigated the regulatory approval process - the AquaAdvantage salmon.

These salmon incorporate a gene that allows the modified animals to grow all year round, rather than just during spring and summer. However, the process of regulatory approval by the Food and Drug Administration took more than a decade and cost millions of dollars.

Follow Paul