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A former US special forces captain has been arrested on charges of espionage, the US Department of Justice says.

Peter Debbins is alleged to have passed classified information to the Russian military intelligence agency (GRU) over a period of more than 10 years.

, who knew him by the code name Ikar Lesnikov.

Capt Debbins, 45, faces life imprisonment if convicted.

The Gainesville, Virginia, man is charged with conspiring to provide US national defence information to agents of a foreign government.

"Debbins violated his oath as a US Army officer, betrayed the special forces and endangered our country's national security by revealing classified information to Russian intelligence officers, providing details of his unit, and identifying special forces team members for Russian intelligence to try to recruit as a spy," Assistant Attorney General John Demers said.

"Our country put its highest trust in this defendant, and he took that trust and weaponised it against the United States."

Capt Debbins' mother was born in the former USSR, the press release said, and partly for this reason he developed an interest in Russia, travelling there numerous times between 1994 and 2010.

He married the daughter of a Russian military officer he met in the city of Chelyabinsk in the 1990s.

The press release says he frequently expressed loyalty to Moscow to his Russian handlers and described himself as a "son of Russia".

"The Russian intelligence agents allegedly encouraged him to join and pursue a career in the special forces, which he did," the DoJ said.

He was on active duty in the US Army from 1998 to 2005, serving in chemical units including in South Korea before joining the special forces as a captain in Germany in 2003.

A year later he received top security clearance and was deployed to Azerbaijan, but was investigated for a security violation and removed from his command.

He received an honourable discharge in November 2005 and served in the reserve until 2010.