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El Ni帽o and La Ni帽a: What are they and how do they affect the weather?
Image source, Abstract Aerial Art/Getty
Europe had the hottest summer ever recorded in 2022, which caused problems all over the world.
But scientists are saying that 2023 is only going to get hotter.
This is because a climate phenomenon that keeps temperatures down is coming to an end.
It's called La Ni帽a, but what is it, and how does it affect how hot our summers are?
Read on to find out.
What is La Ni帽a?
La Ni帽a (which means 'the girl' in Spanish) occurs when water cools down more than usual in parts of the Pacific Ocean, between South America and Australia.
Image source, Jessy Blain / EyeEm / Getty
When the sea surface temperature drops by around 3-5 degrees Celsius, La Ni帽a is declared.
This leads to cooler and drier weather on average.
What is El Ni帽o?
El Ni帽o (the boy) on the other hand, does the opposite - it makes global weather warmer.
Image source, Peter Zelei Images/Getty
It happens when water in the Eastern Pacific heats up more than normal, and creates unusually hot and stormy weather.
El Ni帽o is declared when the water warms up by half a degree Celsius higher than the long term average.
What do El Ni帽o and La Ni帽a do to our weather?
These events occur every few years in a bit of an irregular pattern, and affect weather all over the world.
Global temperatures increase by about 0.2C during an El Ni帽o episode, and fall about 0.2C during La Ni帽a.
The hottest year on record, 2016, was an El Ni帽o year.
Weirdly though, El Ni帽o can cause us to have really cold winters here in the United Kingdom. 2009-2010 was the coldest winter in the UK for 31 years, since 1979, and that was during an El Ni帽o.
Even though last summer was the hottest that Europe has ever had, it happened during a La Ni帽a .
Image source, Construction Photography/Avalon
That's why scientists are worried that summer 2023 will be even hotter, as La Ni帽a is coming to an end and an El Ni帽o event is on the horizon.
Prof Adam Scaife from the Met Office said: "Global average temperature over the last three years has been at near record levels, but it would have been even higher without the cooling effects of a prolonged La Ni帽a."
How often do these events happen?
There tends to be either an El Ni帽o and La Ni帽a episode every 2 to 7 years.
But they don't necessarily always go one after the other: La Ni帽a events are less common than El Ni帽o episodes.