Sunday 28 May 2006
Printable version
Public service broadcasting comes in many forms. Different traditions,
different funding models, different debates.
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Even within a given market,
different views about what PSB consists of. Quality. Range and diversity.
Market failure.
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It's all so complex that some have concluded that what public service
broadcasting really is is something that public service broadcasters make up as
they go along.
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In fact there's one theme which is common to PSB almost everywhere – where it
doesn't exist, it's an aspiration or a known failing.
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Here in the UK and in
many other countries, it's the first principle of public service. It's the rock
on which everything else is built.
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This is the idea of impartial, dispassionate, disinterested journalism.
Journalism which is free from governmental or party political influence.
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Journalism which – though it may be funded in part or in whole through
commercial means – is also independent of commercial vested interests.
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In the
next few minutes, I want to address three questions: first, is this tradition
of impartial public service journalism under threat? Second, if it is, should
we care? Third, is there anything we can do about it?
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The threats
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The answer to the first question is yes – we've heard about some of the threats
already today.
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Suppression of independent sources of news is growing in some
parts of the world – in the ´óÏó´«Ã½'s case, and to take just one example, the
Iranian government has decided recently to start blocking our Persian website.
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The site is not in any way anti-Iranian or anti-Muslim. It is simply seeking to
make impartial and truthful news about Iran and the rest of the world available
to those Iranians who want to access it. That seems to be the problem.
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In some of the world's most troubled places, as both Johann and Wilfred noted
this morning, intimidation and violence against journalists are also on the
rise.
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We've lost colleagues, other news organisations represented here have
lost colleagues.
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Sometimes action against journalists is represented as an
attack on partiality or bias. More often it seems to me it's the opposite:
it's the impartiality, the objectivity that free journalistic inquiry aims at
which brings the offence.
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Intimidation and violence are of course not restricted to broadcast journalists,
let alone broadcast journalists working specifically within the public service
tradition.
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Commercial pressures – for instance uncertainty of funding as
audiences and advertising fragment – are again common to many different
journalistic enterprises.
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But there are some threats which are peculiar to the public service broadcast
space.
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A loss of public resolve, in some countries, in the need for any kind of
civic intervention in the provision of news and other forms of journalism.
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The
consequent economic pressures on some PSBs to compete more aggressively in the
market, to reduce investment in news, to shift news out of peak-time – we've
seen that with one key commercial PSB here in the UK – or to shift news values
down market.
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Short-termism when it comes to public funding for PSB with, for example in
Canada, annual political processes before funds are agreed and released, with
all the attendant pressures and opportunities for interference.
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And lying
ahead, the splintering, bewildering virtual world with who knows what fresh
competitive and editorial challenges.
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Perhaps it's not surprising that around the world some public service
journalists watched the movie Good Night and Good Luck with nostalgic envy.
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Now at the ´óÏó´«Ã½ we don't face many of these pressures.
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Our constitution gives us
real distance and independence from Government. Our Charter is to be renewed
for another ten years and we will continue to enjoy licence-fee funding
throughout that decade, though famously the precise level of the fee has yet to
be determined.
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It's a very privileged position. And yet here too there are ways in which the
idea of impartiality is under threat.
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The British print journalism tradition is unashamedly, indeed, rumbustuously,
one of partiality and many British print journalists, while supporting values
like accuracy and fairness, wonder if true impartiality is even possible.
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Doesn't the broadcasters' much-vaunted ‘impartiality' actually cloak a hidden
agenda?
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To some on the left, the veiled hand of the Establishment.
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In the case
of the ´óÏó´«Ã½, to British conservative commentators and any number of American
bloggers, part of a vast global liberal conspiracy.
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Politicians too can also struggle with the concept of impartiality – either
because almost everyone in their world arrives with a political agenda or
because in the 24/7 marathon of modern professional politics it's easy to
believe that your own view of the world is the only reasonable view.
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And even
if a politician is prepared to allow that impartiality is theoretically
possible, it can still feel like a shadowy, rather contemptible thing.
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The
´óÏó´«Ã½'s 'unctuous impartiality', one British Conservative politician, Norman
Tebbit, called it in the 1980s.
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Some academics too doubt whether the classic claims for objective, dispassionate
journalism can be sustained.
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Beneath the apparent 'facts' lurk hidden
assumptions, narratives or ideologies.
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Words like 'impartial' should raise
alarm-bells: impartial to whom? And between what?
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In their different ways, these different critiques of the impartiality which
public service broadcasters hold so dear represent different forms of what the
epistemologists call perspectivalism, the view that our access to the truth is
inevitably constrained and conditioned by the perspectives that we adopt.
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And,
at least superficially, this view seems to be gaining ground.
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The ´óÏó´«Ã½'s Governors recently commissioned an independent report into the
Corporation's coverage of Israel and the Palestinians – one of today's flash-points for arguments about impartiality and bias.
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It's a thought-provoking
report with many useful and valid points to make. I should add that I and my
colleagues have yet to give the Governors a comprehensive response to it.
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Nonetheless I want to refer to it because it illustrates two essentially
different philosophies of journalism and editorial control.
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The report rejected charges of bias in the ´óÏó´«Ã½'s coverage and broadly supported
the system of editorial guidelines which ´óÏó´«Ã½ News had put in place, but the
authors were clearly surprised that we had not gone further and adopted a
comprehensive 'line' or editorial policy on the conflict.
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Rather than allow
individual correspondents and editors to report the facts and form their own
judgements on developments, why not appoint what they called 'a guiding hand' to
ensure consistency?
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You reduce the potential for bias, in other words, by
standardising around a common perspective. Newspapers and magazines do this all
the time.
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The philosophy of ´óÏó´«Ã½ journalism is very different.
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If you want a term – though
I'd be the first to admit it's not a phrase that comes up very often in the
newsroom – I would say we were critical realists: 'critical' because we accept
that the facts come to us mediated through complex narratives and assumptions
and that each of us needs to use both sophisticated analysis and individual
judgement to make sense of them, but 'realists' because we believe that it is
still possible – indeed it is our duty – to get to the facts and to form as
objective and accurate view of the world as possible.
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And that is what, within
the context of clear journalistic values and sensible editorial guidelines, we
ask our editors and journalists to do.
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That is why we believe we can rely on
their judgement and why we delegate editorial power so far down the
organisation.
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Now we're not perfect. Impartiality is something you need to work at and strive
for continually.
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Over the past five years or so, we've tried hard to improve
the accuracy and fairness of our coverage of business.
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More recently, we've
appointed new on-screen senior editors to give more depth to our reporting of
Europe and the Middle East.
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We're creating what we've called a College of
Journalism to broaden the knowledge and skills of all of us who work in the
´óÏó´«Ã½'s journalism and to share best practice.
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We're confident in our values as journalists. But the external climate on this
issue is growing chillier.
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Whose side are you on? – with the implication that
if you're not on this side, you must be on that one – is a question one seems to
hear more frequently.
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The debate about the use of the word terrorist to
describe individuals or groups is a case in point.
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We use the word to describe
terrorist incidents and crimes but in common with many other organisations, we
have recommended for many years that our journalists think carefully before
using it to describe people.
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Not of course because we condone the horror that
terrorist acts can cause, but because we believe that more dispassionate,
factual language – 'gun man', 'bomber' – can usually convey the facts better and
more consistently across our coverage.
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Other journalists have other priorities. But the central purpose of our
journalism is never to tell people what to think.
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We see our job as to provide
the public here and around the world with the facts and objective analysis they
need to make up their own minds about what is happening in the world.
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Should we be worried?
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If some of the principles that underpin public service journalism are under
attack, should we care? This was my second question.
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And again, my answer is yes. We should care.
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First because – certainly in the UK – there's a lot of evidence that the public
place much more trust in public service sources of news than other sources.
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Last year the leading press trade magazine in this country commissioned a poll
of the UK public asked them to name the newspaper, magazine, broadcast news
programme or news website they considered to be trustworthy.
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The ´óÏó´«Ã½ was
mentioned five times more often than its nearest rival.
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And that nearest rival,
by the way, was Sky News, part-owned by News Corporation.
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It's a news provider
which, though not in any regulatory or economic way a PSB, nonetheless abides by
similar values and standards – another by-product of the broader public service
broadcasting ecology in the UK.
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´óÏó´«Ã½ News also enjoys exceptional high levels of trustworthiness around the
world: at least in part, it seems reasonable to conclude, because of its status – independent not just of government but of commercial interest.
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But trustworthiness is not the only factor.
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In open societies, much of the media which citizens receive is inevitably not
only commercial but partial. That's a good, not a bad thing.
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An open market in
ideas and opinions is an essential part of any healthy democracy.
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Plurality
demands a multiplicity of different sources of information and ideological
viewpoints and, I would argue, a multiplicity of different funding models.
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Public service broadcasters who imply, as some do, that commercially-funded or
politically-committed journalism and commentary are intrinsically less valuable
are wide of the mark.
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We're all in the same business and, when we do good work,
we all add to the national and global debate.
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But impartial journalism in the broadcast public service tradition does make
some specific contributions, especially when it reaches wide audiences.
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First
it offers a cross-check or benchmark against which news consumers can measure
their other sources of news and information.
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Imagine a UK election, for
instance, in which the ´óÏó´«Ã½, ITN, Sky and other TV and radio broadcast news and
current affairs had disappeared and the public relied solely on newspapers to
follow the course of the campaign and key policy arguments.
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The danger is not
one of insufficient information but rather of the electorate breaking up into a
series of self-selected but nonetheless rather limited zones of debate: Daily
Mail world, Guardian world and so on.
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And this leads on to a wider point. People sometimes talk about public service
broadcasters like the ´óÏó´«Ã½ being 'the national glue'.
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While that phrase is a
little glib, I do believe that public service broadcasting is about creating
common ground, sometimes yes so that people can be reminded of the values, the
events, the experiences that they share, but just as often so that they can be
confronted by difference: by different opinions, different cultures.
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It's not
necessarily about a national consensus: it's about a national conversation in
which greater mutual understanding may in turn lead to greater mutual tolerance.
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We live in a world which struggles with difference.
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A future in which you know
before you open your newspaper or your favourite website that you're going to
agree with every word you find there, that every comment and opinion will
reinforce those you already hold, that is a future in which our differences are
likely to become more, not less, problematic.
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Access to mass public service
news and current affairs is one way in which citizens can guarantee that they
wouldn't be able to avoid confronting uncomfortable alternative views of the
world.
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So what can we do?
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So we should care.
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But is there anything that can be done, not so that the
public service tradition I've talked about can in any way dominate journalism
around the world – in the teeming digital world that's not imaginable and in
open societies where the public should be free to exchange any news they want,
no matter how parti pris, it's not desirable either; not then so that it can
dominate, but so that it can persist and remain influential?
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Well, I think this is probably the right topic for our discussion. But let me
end with a few brief pointers.
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First, there's no escaping the fact that public service broadcasting has to be a
conscious civic choice.
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In my view, it's of real democratic value but it cannot
exist itself without strong democratic institutions and culture.
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Even then,
especially in the form it exists in the UK, it requires serious public
investment and will always be contentious.
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There are some commercial interests
which will always wage war against it.
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So what it needs more than anything is enthusiastic public support.
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As one
looks at the status of different public service broadcasters in different
democracies around the world, public support is the key variable.
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Once lost or
allowed to decline, it is very difficult to secure again.
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Any country that
wants to develop a public service broadcasting tradition needs to begin to think
about how to develop widespread public support.
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That is why, by the way, where
public service broadcasting is strong, it is never restricted to narrowly-defined market failure content: it always has a popular dimension as well.
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Second, public service broadcasting needs political support, but having given
that support the politicians need to keep as far away from it as possible.
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Political mandates and charters should be long rather than short. Funding again
should be granted over longer rather than shorter terms.
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Governance and
accountability should emphasise independence above all other values.
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PSBs, and
there are quite a few of them, where senior officials change regularly after
elections, do not meet this last criterion and, as a result, cannot enjoy as
high a reputation for impartiality and trustworthiness as those which are more
fully independent.
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Third and finally, globalisation offers intriguing possibilities for public
service journalism.
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Yes, the explosion of choice and the fragmentation of
audiences risks squeezing share with all the potential consequences: loss of
revenue or civic legitimacy or both.
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But globalised digital media is also potentially a powerful democratising force
and a good environment for independent, reliable news to find audiences around
the world.
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´óÏó´«Ã½ News on radio, TV and the web reaches around 250 million people
every week and that number is growing rapidly.
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For most of those people, we are
not the only, and in many cases not even the most important source of news and
information and we don't aspire to be.
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What we do aspire to offer, in common with some of the other international news
providers whether they regard themselves as public service players or not, is a
view of the world which is as uncoloured as it can be by prejudice or sectional
interest.
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Which provides what I've called common ground in which different
perspectives and different value systems can debate with each other and can be
independently scrutinised and assessed.
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We also aspire to take a common sense view of the challenge of reflecting
reality so that when people ask us 'which side are you on?', we can answer
honestly that we're on the side of the facts. Thank you.
