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INSIDE HEALTH

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Programme 3.

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TX:听 09.07.13听 2100-2130

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PRESENTER:听 MARK PORTER

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PRODUCER:听 ERIKA WRIGHT

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Porter

Coming up in today鈥檚 programme:听 Scruffy doctors 鈥� why the latest dress code for hospital medics 鈥� no ties, jackets or white coats, and bare below the elbows 鈥� may have done more for private practice than the fight against infections like MRSA.

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Arthritis and children 鈥� stiff painful joints are often associated with getting old, but arthritis can strike at any age and, unless it is picked up promptly and treated aggressively, the resulting damage can leave a lasting legacy.

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Clip

We were in the clinic and saw children older than Matthew and it hit us 鈥� lots of the children were facing hip replacements, were in wheelchairs 鈥� and thought oh my goodness this is what we face.

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Porter

We will find out what happened to Matthew later on, as well as xenon - how researchers are harnessing the power of a noble gas to assess the state of our lungs.

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But first measles and a challenge from a listener. The outbreak in Wales, that prompted a national MMR catch-up programme, was declared over last week 鈥� after 1219 cases, nearly 100 hospital admissions and a death. Our listener wants to know how many of those affected had been vaccinated with the MMR jab amid internet rumours that the vaccine is not half as good as the authorities are making it out to be.

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Inside Health鈥檚 Margaret McCartney has been investigating 鈥� Margaret had any of the confirmed cases been vaccinated?

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McCartney

So the data we鈥檝e got so far is not the full data, there will be more data will come out of this in due course.听 But it鈥檚 clear that 10 people had measles and also had MMR by the end of April, so the vast majority of people, who鈥檇 had measles when it was 鈥� the last figures we have were for the end of April 鈥� had been immunised.

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Porter

And the reason we haven鈥檛 got figures beyond that is they鈥檙e still being collated?

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McCartney

They鈥檙e still being collated.听 So we expect that the MMR vaccine works about 99% of the time, so these numbers would be entirely in keeping with that, we don鈥檛 expect it to work 100% of the time.

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Porter

Do we know if these people had had one or two shots?

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McCartney

These were people who鈥檇 had at least one dose of MMR.

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Porter

Right, so we don鈥檛 know whether they鈥檇 had the full course or not, so it maybe that they鈥檇 only had the one shot and been the 10% that are susceptible.

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McCartney

Yeah.

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Porter

Well we鈥檙e joined now by the Director of Immunisation at the Department of Health, Professor David Salisbury. Professor Salisbury, there have been rumours circulating on the internet that the MMR doesn鈥檛 work, or that the Swansea outbreak was caused by a new strain of measles that the jab doesn鈥檛 protect against. One of our listeners challenged us to unearth the truth and in the case of Wales it would appear that fewer than 2% of the cases had been vaccinated, was that a surprise to you?

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Salisbury

We know just how well MMR vaccine works.听 If you have no doses won鈥檛 work at all.听 We know how well it works if you have one dose and we know how well it works if you have two doses.

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Porter

When you say we know that鈥檚 based on what?

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Salisbury

That鈥檚 based on very large numbers now of studies that have been done on measles outbreaks in vaccinated populations.听 If you take a thousand people and you give them one dose of measles vaccine and measles comes into that community a 100 of them will get measles.听 That tells you the vaccine isn鈥檛 perfect but it鈥檚 nine tenths perfect.听 If you take a thousand people who鈥檝e had two doses 10 of them will get measles and that tells you two doses is near to perfect and those figures are well established.听

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Porter

Can you explain why immunisation doesn鈥檛 offer a 100% protection?

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Salisbury

Well sometimes it鈥檚 a mixture of the person and the vaccine.听 And it depends a lot if the vaccine has been properly handled, looked after, given the right sort of temperature and that is the case in this country 鈥� our vaccines are very well looked after.听 And then it turns out to be something to do with the person 鈥� and if they鈥檝e had one dose they鈥檝e still got a very good chance of being protected by a second dose.听 The number of people who are not protected by two doses is absolutely tiny.

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Porter

So one of the important things that you need to know, as the director of immunisation, presumably is when you鈥檙e looking at an outbreak as happened in Wales you鈥檇 want to know who鈥檇 been vaccinated and how many jabs they鈥檝e had and will you get that information because at the moment we couldn鈥檛 find out how many jabs these 10 had had in the confirmed cases?

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Salisbury

We do know that the data are available from Swansea and what they show are that almost all of the cases are unvaccinated and I think it鈥檚 something like only two have had two doses of MMR and that fits exactly with the sort of figures we expect from the protection from MMR vaccine.

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Porter

What about these rumours of a new strain?

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Salisbury

There鈥檚 no evidence at all that there is a new strain for which the vaccine would not protect.听 Now we are able to use molecular fingerprinting of viruses to be able to show what strain they are, which tells us about where they鈥檝e come from in the world.听 But there is no strain that has emerged that is not protected by vaccination.

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Porter

Now of course we鈥檝e only got the data in Wales up until the end of April, that鈥檚 over 600 cases, you will get the full data and you鈥檙e anticipating no change in trends in the latter half of the epidemic?

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Salisbury

Certainly on the data I鈥檝e seen the second part of the epidemic has followed the same pattern as the first.

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Porter

Professor David Salisbury thank you very much.听 And there is a link to a breakdown of the latest figures from Wales on our website at bbc.co.uk/radio4.

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Sir Michael Parkinson has been in the news this week after he announced that he has been receiving treatment for cancer of the prostate. Not that unusual in a man of his age, but it was his advice to other men that caught my attention. Sir Michael has been quoted in a number of papers as saying: 鈥淭he test is if you can pee against a wall from two feet, you haven鈥檛 got it鈥�.

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Margaret McCartney 鈥� is he right?

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McCartney

Yeah it鈥檚 a very interesting test there.听 When we鈥檙e talking about medical tests in general we want to know how good that test is at detecting a condition, usually called the positive predictive value 鈥� how useful is that test in being definitely certain whether or not you have a condition.听 And I can say with a fairly high degree of certainty that this is not a good test for whether or not you have prostate cancer.听 If you look at the NICE guidelines and also information from Cancer Research UK they say that difficulty passing urine is common in the general population and on its own is not a reason for your GP to suspect prostate cancer.

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Porter

So Margaret what we鈥檙e saying is that if you can pass the test and you鈥檝e still got a good urine stream it doesn鈥檛 mean you haven鈥檛 got cancer and if you鈥檝e got a poor stream and are dribbling all over your shoes you may not have cancer, it may be something else?

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McCartney

Absolutely.听 So these kind of symptoms are termed lower urinary tract symptoms that men very often get as they get older and in fact NICE have got a fantastic patient information package on their website which explains all about the various and many causes of difficult urinary problems in which many men get.听 One cause certainly is prostate cancer but there鈥檚 lots and lots of other ones.听 There are many tests that can be offered for gentlemen who presents with symptoms and one of the very important things that we do is speak to the man and find out exactly what the problems are, examine the gentleman and find out if there鈥檚 any more information there and then test as appropriate.

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Porter

And your conclusion of what Sir Michael鈥檚 been quoted as saying is that if only it were that simple I suppose?

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McCartney

Yeah unfortunately that鈥檚 not a good test for prostate cancer.听 If a man has a symptom that he鈥檚 worried about 鈥� a change in his urinary pattern or symptoms that he wants to discuss with his doctor 鈥� he should do that whether or not he can pee against a wall from two feet.

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Porter

Dr Margaret McCartney.听 And if there鈥檚 something that is confusing you that you would like Margaret to look into then please do get in touch. You can send a tweet containing the hashtag #insidehealth to @bbcradio4 or e-mail us via insidehealth@bbc.co.uk.

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Actuality

Can you catch?听 Go.

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Porter

Now, the term arthritis tends to conjure up images of middle aged men and women with creaking knees or painful hips, but children can get it too. One in a thousand under 16s in the UK has some form of juvenile arthritis, making it as common as childhood diabetes. Even babies can be affected, as Lindsay Hall discovered in 2006 when her son Matthew started to develop problems.

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Actuality

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Hall

One morning Matthew woke up and I lifted him out of his cot, he was quite hot, it was almost like a virus type of illness or something and he refused to stand up and he kept flopping to the floor and going oomph.

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Porter

You say he in a cot at the time so how old was he?

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Hall

Sixteen months, just learning to walk really, hadn鈥檛 walked for very long but one morning he woke up and his knees were hot and swollen and I did think automatically that he鈥檇 probably done something the day before or did he catch his leg in the cot.听 But no.听 So we took him to the doctors thinking it was a virus of some kind and the doctor said it could be a virus, take ibuprofen and see how he is over the weekend.听 He seemed to improve.听 Then later on in the week he kept collapsing on a particular leg.听 So I took him back again and it took quite a while really to diagnose arthritis.

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Porter

Was that a surprise and when they mentioned the word arthritis to you were you aware that children could get arthritis?

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Hall

No not at all, not at that point.

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Clinch

A parent may notice that a joint is swollen and stiff but usually they first notice a problem with the way the child moves or behaves.

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Porter

Dr Jacqui Clinch is Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist at the Bristol Royal Hospital for Children.

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Clinch

Arthritis is usually worse in the morning, so a parent may come to us and say that a toddler may complain when they have nappy changes because the hips are very stiff or there鈥檚 arthritis near the hips, that a child doesn鈥檛 weight bear on a leg, that they crawl differently, that they鈥檙e much more grumpy and miserable in the morning.听 And as the day goes on they find their child鈥檚 able to use their limbs much more.听 In older children they鈥檒l complain more of pain, particularly around certain joints 鈥� weight bearing joints 鈥� and they might feel that they鈥檙e slightly hotter and they can鈥檛 straighten them as they previously could.听 The other thing about children鈥檚 arthritis 鈥� it also affects joints that we don鈥檛 see in adult arthritis, so, for example the jaw or the tempera mandibular joint can get very inflamed, which is what arthritis is 鈥� inflammation of the joint.听 So the young child, when they brush their teeth in the morning, can鈥檛 actually open their mouth to get the toothbrush to the back of the mouth or they won鈥檛 eat breakfast.听 And the same happens in necks in children 鈥� trying to put clothes on in the morning is particularly troublesome.

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Hall

We were in and out of hospital for quite a while with different pains in different joints, different swellings in different areas of joints, mainly toes and knees and wrists and ankles and all kinds of things 鈥� it just kept cropping up and it was never consistent, it lasted probably maybe for a day and then the swelling subside and he seemed happy again.听 It just went on for a few months and I think a lot of parents find the same sort of situation that we were in 鈥� it鈥檚 frustrating, you don鈥檛 know what鈥檚 happening to your child, the doctors are unaware at that point what鈥檚 happening to your child and it鈥檚 quite a struggle.

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Clinch

It鈥檚 not an easy diagnosis to make, particularly in the first few weeks or months.听 Often children, who are extremely adaptable, can mask a joint that鈥檚 inflamed, so a toddler may crawl in a different way and an adolescent may just adapt the way they do their activities.听 If a joint is swollen then that needs immediate attention because there are many different things that can cause swollen joints, not just arthritis.听 If that swelling or stiffness or other signs of inflammation continues for a number of weeks then that certainly needs to be investigated by a paediatrician with an interest in rheumatological conditions, so that we can rule out arthritis.

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Porter

Because the earlier you intervene the better the outlook?

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Clinch

Absolutely, the earlier you intervene and you control the arthritis, not cure the arthritis because we鈥檙e still not there yet, but control the arthritis, the more likely the child will be able to get back to normal activities and the joint recover.

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Porter

What鈥檚 actually happening to the joints?

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Clinch

Like adult arthritis the synovium, which is like the cling film layer round the joint, gets inflamed and that can be triggered by a number of different processes.听 Certainly we feel that there鈥檚 a genetic link with this and we also know that certain infections can trigger off more chronic arthritis.听 And what happens is the synovium gets inflamed, it gets boggy, and we get inflammatory liquid produced in the joint that increases the pressure in the joint, so that the joint becomes stiff, swollen and is very painful.

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Porter

What are the implications for the joint 鈥� is this a destructive process?

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Clinch

One very positive thing about children鈥檚 arthritis is that in many cases, because it鈥檚 happening on a developing skeleton, as long as it鈥檚 treated early and the inflammation completely controlled then the joints have remarkable ability to actually remodel, to reform such that the children can move the joints normally in the future.听 Now clearly in the more severe types of arthritis you can get much more joint damage and more long lasting effect but thankfully in the modern scientific era our treatment for arthritis is so much better for children that many of the joints recover completely.

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Porter

What鈥檚 the natural history of the disease 鈥� if they鈥檙e developing it when they鈥檙e six, nine months of age, is this something they鈥檙e going to have for the rest of their lives?

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Clinch

No, there are many different types of arthritis and it depends on the pattern of the joints affected.听 In some young people, particularly the young children, they have a form that just affects a few joints and then after a few years that burns out.听 Now that鈥檚 not always the case and unfortunately the prognosis in many groups is not as rosy as we used to think 20 or 30 years ago but certainly a number of children will only have it for a few years and with treatment the whole process die down, such that they come off treatment and don鈥檛 have any further problems.听 Approximately 50% of young people, if they start an arthritis in childhood, will still have some problems in young adult life.听 The other aspect with children鈥檚 arthritis that is absolutely vital to look at are the eyes.听 So lots of people did not make the connection between inflammation in the joints and eye inflammation 鈥� something called uveitis 鈥� but there is a direct link between these two conditions.听 And unfortunately in years gone by when that wasn鈥檛 noticed a lot of young people had arthritis that burnt out but were left with severe visual impairment and sometimes blindness.听 So the eye screening is an important part of this illness.

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Porter

And that would now be a routine part of the sort of service that you would offer?

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Clinch

Absolutely.听 Any paediatric rheumatology service would automatically put young people, with whatever type of arthritis, into eye screening.

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Hall

We were in the clinic and saw children older than Matthew and it hit us because at that time, which is now seven years ago, lots of the children were facing hip replacements, were in wheelchairs and at that point we were sat in the clinic room and thought oh my goodness this is what we face.

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Porter

How鈥檚 Matthew been treated?

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Hall

He鈥檚 had joint injections initially, they seem to work for a few weeks and then flares appeared.

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Clinch

If a young child, particularly those primary school children, if they just have one, two, three joints then we treat them primarily with joint injections, so they have a light anaesthetic and we inject a small dose of steroid directly into the joint to reduce the inflammation of that synovium, that I was talking about earlier.听 If a child has more problems with many more joints involved then we use different types of medications according to the severity.听 The most common medication we use is something called methotrexate which we can give orally or by injection and this has a very good success rate in the majority of children鈥檚 arthritis.听 If, however, the arthritis does not respond to that or if the young person cannot tolerate it then we are very quickly moving into the area of a group of drugs called biologics.听 These are moderately new and when I say new I mean in the last 15 years for the majority of them and they block pathways of inflammation.听 They鈥檙e constantly going under an awful lot of research but certainly in difficult arthritis these really have turned the prognosis around.

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Hall

We went on to a drug called humira and we鈥檝e never looked back since.

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Porter

This is one of the new biological鈥�

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Hall

The new biologic drugs.

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Porter

And Matthew you look very well at the moment, how are your 鈥� any aches and pains anywhere?

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Matthew

Not really.

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Hall

You don鈥檛 like the medication do you?

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Porter

Don鈥檛 like taking it?

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Matthew

No.听 I hate it, absolutely hate it.

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Porter

But it does you a lot of good doesn鈥檛 it?

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Matthew

Yes.

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Hall

He knows that don鈥檛 you but it is quite a traumatic experience when we have to have injections but it鈥檚 just changed him, he was a different child.

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Porter

Lindsay Hall. And you will find some useful links on juvenile arthritis on the Inside Health page at bbc.co.uk/radio4.

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Music

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Sir Lancelot Spratt 鈥� the pompous pinstriped surgeon played by James Robertson Justice in Doctor in The House 鈥� would be aghast at the prospect of today鈥檚 doctors doing ward rounds and clinics in open necked shirts and theatre scrubs. And he might have a point.听 The new casual look is the result of infection control measures introduced five years ago, but is there is any evidence that discarding white coats and ties, and rolling your sleeves up makes any difference? And could there be a downside to today鈥檚 casual look?

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To discuss the issue 鈥� Dr Margaret McCartney and Consultant Microbiologist Dr Stephanie Dancer.

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Dancer

There鈥檚 no hard evidence, Mark, that what we鈥檝e been doing over the last few years has actually been responsible for the impact on hospital acquired infection.听 There鈥檚 no doubt that there has been an impact but what the reasons are or reason is for that I don鈥檛 think anybody knows.听 The problem is is that for hospital acquired infection we usually put in place a package of interventions, I think the trendy name for that is bundle.听 I usually call it things under the hygiene umbrella.听 And certainly over the last few years with the focus on hospital acquired infection there鈥檚 been all sorts of bits and pieces put in place and overall we鈥檝e had the desired effect for a couple of organisms 鈥� that鈥檚 MRSA and clostridium difficile, certainly we鈥檝e seen these numbers plummet.听 Very good it is too to see that.听 But to say that that is attributable to the dress code, no I don鈥檛 think we can say that, I hope we鈥檙e going to see evidence to support that.

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Porter

Margaret, do you have any experience of patients of yours commenting on the way people are dressed, perhaps when they鈥檝e been on a hospital visit?

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McCartney

Yeah, I mean I suppose that my most direct contact with this would be in terms of my husband, who鈥檚 a hospital consultant, and whose wardrobe has had to have a dramatic transformation since the new code arrived and told us that we were no longer allowed to have anything below the elbow.听 And I think it does have an impact on the way people look and dress and it鈥檚 very interesting because I don鈥檛 think we ever really asked patients what they preferred.听 The reason why we do this bare below the elbows thing now is because of the Department of Health鈥檚 policy booklet 鈥� Uniforms and Work Wear 鈥� which was developed in 2007.听 And the evidence of that was gathered by Thames Valley University who looked into the evidence base for what doctors and health professionals wore and what impact that had.听 And it concluded quite clearly that there is no conclusive evidence that uniforms or other work clothes pose a significant hazard in terms of spreading infection and yet it was very much a political move but actually we could do this and it would look as though we鈥檙e doing something.听 It seemed to me to be a sticking plaster that was relatively easy to do, rather than looking at the far bigger problems with infection control in our hospitals such as over occupation of beds and people being kept in corridors because they didn鈥檛 have adequate numbers of beds to have patients in or, for example, a lack of cleaning hours on wards.听 So I suppose my concern has been that this has been a very visible thing that the Department of Health has done and perhaps there was less obvious to patients but far more effective things than could have happened originally.

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Dancer

Even more than that Margaret I think the loss of the white coat in the name of infection control has actually eroded the doctors鈥� status.

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Porter

And why would that matter, I mean some people would say that the doctors鈥� status was sometimes an obstacle to good patient care?

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Dancer

No I think that a doctor has a certain social responsibility and that status is important for patients to perceive in that certainly we know that staff work better in clean surroundings, patients and their relatives are going to be inspired with more confidence in apparently clean surroundings.听 I think the same applies to the appearance of your doctor 鈥� if he or she is dressed appropriately I think there鈥檚 more confidence from the patient that they鈥檙e actually going to be diagnosed correctly and treated properly.听 And a positive frame of mind is part of the healing process.

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McCartney

There was a really good study that was done in the Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons who鈥檇 taken 500 patients and visitors and given them pictures of a male doctor wearing a shirt and tie and his shirt was long to the wrists, wearing surgical scrubs and wearing no tie with his shirt sleeves rolled up and patients said that the most trustworthy and clean looking was one with the tie and long sleeves and the most dirty looking and unprofessional was the one with no tie and the sleeves rolled up.听 And I think it鈥檚 really disingenuous of us to think that this doesn鈥檛 have an impact on the way hospitals work and the way patients respond to doctors.听 Of course I dress up differently when I go to work compared with the days that I don鈥檛 work 鈥� I wear entirely different clothes 鈥� and part of that is because I want to appear professional.

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Dancer

I must make it clear I鈥檓 just speaking for the NHS hospitals because I suspect that the senior members of our profession in the private hospitals I suspect they鈥檙e still attired in the more formal suit and tie. But I don鈥檛 see that in the NHS hospitals.

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Porter

One thing you do notice going into private hospitals is the very same doctors who operate bare below the elbows when they鈥檙e on the NHS wards are in their full pinstripes in the private hospitals.

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Dancer

It has been noticed that folk waltzing about in short sleeves, then I have to say undergo a transformation for the private hospitals, I think it鈥檚 hypocrisy to be quite honest.听 If the suit and the tie etc. etc. is good enough for the private hospital it鈥檚 certainly good enough for the NHS.

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Porter

Dr Stephanie Dancer.听 And you can find more on her views about scruffy doctors on our website, go to bbc.co.uk/radio4 and click on I for Inside Health.

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Now, if you have ever sucked helium out of a balloon to make your voice squeaky 鈥� and, no, I am not suggesting you try it, just guessing that many of you probably have 鈥� then our next item may ring a few bells. A team from Oxford is using a similar technique to investigate lung disease.

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Modern scanners can pick up structural changes in the lungs - such as a cancer when it鈥檚 still only the size of a grain of rice - but they are not very good at determining function 鈥� how well the lungs are working. The Oxford researchers have come up with a novel solution that allows their MRI scanner to assess both structure and function 鈥� with a bit of help from a balloon full of xenon.

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Anthony MacIntyre is Superintendent Radiographer at the Churchill Hospital.

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Actuality

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MacIntyre

The patient goes up into the scanner, so they will be lying with their head a fair way in, feet out the other end mostly for these scans.

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Porter

I mean it鈥檚 like a massive polo mint isn鈥檛 it.

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MacIntyre

Yeah, almost toilet roll actually in a sense because it鈥檚 longer than just a polo mint.听 And then we do this particular scan, the make or break scan, where we get them to breathe in the gas, hold on to the gas, we take the pictures and then let them breathe out normally.

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Actuality

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Matin

My name is Tahreema Matin and I鈥檓 a clinical research fellow.听 I run all the xenon imaging trials here at the Churchill Hospital.

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Actuality

听

Practically we just ask the patients to breathe the xenon in.听 So we produce the xenon in a big machine called a polariser and we dispense it into a plastic bag, the bag鈥檚 no bigger than a size of a crisp packet and this is attached to a little bit of plastic tubing that goes into the patient鈥檚 mouth, they breathe the xenon in and wherever the lung is working well the xenon goes and shoes up brightly on the scan.

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Gleeson

My name is Fergus Gleeson, I鈥檓 the Professor of Radiology in Oxford.听 Normal oxygen doesn鈥檛 produce enough of a signal for MR to detect it but the signal from xenon appears brighter and therefore we can see it.听

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Porter

What does this add to the existing imaging techniques that we already have for looking at people鈥檚 lungs?

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Gleeson

Yes, so that鈥檚 a really good question because we have great techniques now, we鈥檝e got great CT, the problem is that shows you structure and actually doesn鈥檛 show you the lungs working.

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Matin

So Mark we鈥檙e looking at a normal MRI here, and as we can see MRI鈥檚 really good at looking at soft tissues and the bones and the other organs in the abdomens but the lungs are completely black, there鈥檚 no signal there at all.听 So we can鈥檛 really tell what鈥檚 going on in the lungs at all.听 So when we use this new technique where we get our patients to breathe a special gas, the xenon gas in, we get to see exactly how the lungs are working, so we can see which areas of the lungs are well ventilated and also which areas of the lungs are well perfused 鈥� so where the blood flow is.

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Porter

So looking at the picture on the right that鈥檚 a sort of conventional MRI scan and basically looks like a dissected patient to some extent but as you said the lungs are completely black but if we look at the one on the left it鈥檚 like a negative 鈥� it鈥檚 a mirror image 鈥� the lungs here are white and that鈥檚 the gas that you鈥檙e seeing is it?

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Matin

Absolutely.听 So when you breathe in the xenon gas it provides the signal and that allows us to see the lungs, so wherever the lungs are working very well the gas shows up brightly.

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Gleeson

We may be able to show you which bits of your lungs are working and which bits aren鈥檛 and then if you鈥檝e got diseased lung, maybe with cancer in it, we can show it doesn鈥檛 matter to you, so we can chop it out or we can irradiate it.听 And we can鈥檛 really do that now.听 We may also be able to see lung changing how it works with drugs sooner than we currently can and we may also be able to detect subtle change.听 Now for you and I a small change in our oxygenation we don鈥檛 notice but for patients who are sick if we can identify small changes that we can see physiologically we can show that there may be benefit from intervening in those patients.

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Porter

Is it teaching us anything new about the way that the lung is working, are there any surprises that you鈥檝e seen so far?

听

Gleeson

There are suggestions from some of the patients and volunteers that we鈥檝e looked at that we may see change very quickly that was unexpected.听 So in some of our patients actually we may be able to change therapy, increase therapy, change the dose we鈥檙e giving asthmatics, change the dose of treatments that we鈥檙e giving patients with cystic fibrosis, change radiotherapy fields 鈥� a whole bunch of things that we may not be able to detect now.

听

Porter

So you can make a change therapeutically and then scan them quite quickly and see if it鈥檚 changed function.

听

Gleeson

Yeah an hour or two later.

听

Porter

Professor Fergus Gleeson from the Churchill Hospital in Oxford.

听

Just time to tell you about next week when I meet a kidney expert who thinks we are denial about dehydration, and is urging us all to drink more, particularly during the current hot spell. And the headache that really can be blinding 鈥� it can cost you your vision unless treated promptly.

听

ENDS