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INSIDE HEALTH

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Programme 1.

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TX:听 06.01.15听 2100-2130

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PRESENTER:听 MARK PORTER

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PRODUCER:听 ERIKA WRIGHT

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Porter

Hello. Coming up in today鈥檚 programme:听 Fighting fat, fighting fit 鈥� should healthcare professionals keep in shape to set an example to their patients?

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Painkillers 鈥� we investigate growing concern that prescribing strong opioid painkillers like morphine for long term non-cancer pain often does more harm than good, because they don鈥檛 work that well and they have lots of side effects.

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And New Year resolutions, we鈥檒l be announcing ours a little later in the programme.

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But first, it鈥檚 been a festive season that the NHS would no doubt like to forget. Hospitals, GP out-of-hours and ambulance services have been stretched to near breaking point over the last couple of weeks. And there鈥檚 no sign of the pressure easing with hospitals in my part of the South West having declared major incidents over the last few days. Media coverage has suggested demand is up as people flock to A&E because they are finding it difficult to see their GP. But talk to people working in A&E departments and it soon becomes clear that the problem is not so much inappropriate attenders, as an unprecedented number of very poorly people, many of whom require admission.

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I caught up with Professor of Emergency Medicine, Tim Coates, on his mobile in his busy department at Leicester Royal Infirmary.

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Coates

I think we鈥檙e the same as the rest of the NHS, it is extremely busy at the moment with a lot of sick patients coming through emergency departments all over the country.听 We鈥檙e seeing a lot of mainly elderly people and I think probably the single biggest group would be those with infections of various types, either respiratory infections or perhaps infections of the urinary system.

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Porter

So you鈥檙e not being overwhelmed by inappropriate people, these are people who really do need to be looked after?

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Coates

No I鈥檓 afraid the people that we鈥檙e getting through are people that need to come into hospital and need a hospital bed, and that鈥檚 a lot of the problem.听 The people that are inappropriate in an emergency department are actually fairly easy to deal with, you know if you can with the sniffles that will take a doctor a very short amount of time to deal with.听 But elderly patients with lots of different things wrong with them who need to come into hospital are very complex, that takes a lot of time.听 We always get a spike at this time of year, particularly the first couple of weeks after the Christmas and New Year break but it鈥檚 just that much more intense than previous years.听 We have a population that is ageing, this is a trend that the NHS is going to have to perhaps do things differently.听 I think the emergency care system is a bit like a bucket full of water and you don鈥檛 have to pour very much more water in when the bucket鈥檚 full for the bucket to overflow.听 We don鈥檛 have spare capacity in the system.

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Porter

Looking forward now, how long do you think this crisis period鈥檚 going to go on for, can you see some light at the end of the tunnel?

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Coates

At the moment, at the coal face in the emergency department, it鈥檚 very difficult to talk about light at the end of the tunnel.听 There is often several weeks of high pressure on the emergency care system at the beginning of January, perhaps sometimes going into February.听 So I think we鈥檝e got a number of weeks of high pressure left.

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Porter

And have you had to bring in extra staff and things to cope?

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Coates

Yes we鈥檝e got extra staff overnight, opening as many extra beds 鈥� I think it鈥檚 the same in 鈥� again talking to colleagues up and down the country, almost every hospital in the UK is doing all of those things.

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Porter

Tim, we鈥檒l let you get back to the coal face, thank you very much.

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Coates

Thank you very much indeed for your help.

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Porter

Professor Tim Coates.

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Now another subject making the headlines this week is sugar 鈥� actually to be fair, over the last year, it鈥檚 hardly been out of the news.听 Inside Health has heard rumours that, in the quest to reduce our sugar intake, fruit juices are to be removed from the five a day recommendations. But are they true? Susan Jebb is Professor of Diet and Population Health at the University of Oxford.

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Jebb

Well it鈥檚 certainly a rumour because I don鈥檛 think there鈥檚 any decision been made at all yet.听 But what is true is that there is a working group which has been set up to review the whole of the five a day guidance 鈥� what should be included and what shouldn鈥檛 be.听 And they have already said that they will be specifically looking at whether fruit juice should continue to be included as one of your five a day.

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Porter

If you look at the makeup of juice I mean it contains nearly 鈥� for instance orange juice 鈥� contains nearly as much sugar as a cola.

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Jebb

Absolutely.听 Fruit juice is very high in sugar and in juicing it you鈥檝e removed and left out lots of the good parts of the fruit 鈥� the fibre, some of the other essential nutrients.听 And so the real concern is around these liquid sugars because we know that if you consume calories as liquid they effectively by-pass your appetite control system, your body doesn鈥檛 seem to recognise that it鈥檚 had those calories.听 So the five a day guidance at the moment says it鈥檚 fine to have a single small glass of fruit juice, 150 mls, and count that as one of your five a day.听 But we鈥檝e never encouraged people to have more fruit juice than that.听 So if you鈥檙e having a small glass with your breakfast I think there鈥檚 very little reason to be concerned.听 But what we don鈥檛 want is people choosing fruit juice for what you might call routine hydration.

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Porter

So at the moment one small glass, 150 mls, is regarded as being fine but there must be some concern if these rumours are founded that it鈥檚 going to be dropped?

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Jebb

It may be dropped, we don鈥檛 know what the committee will decide when it鈥檚 reviewed all of the evidence.听 But I think the problem with having fruit juice in the five a day guidance is that it鈥檚 bundled up with that general recommendation to eat more 鈥� eat more fruit and veg 鈥� and so people perceive that that means drink more fruit juice too.听 And so personally I think there probably is a case for taking fruit juice outside of that general promotion of five a day.听 Fine to continue having a small glass of fruit juice but let鈥檚 not actively promote that and let鈥檚 reserve all our promotional efforts to talking about intact fruit and vegetables.听 And from this week in schools, as part of the new food based nutritional standards, children cannot be served fruit juice in portions which are greater than 150 mls.

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Porter

Professor Susan Jebb from the University of Oxford, who prefers us all to eat our fruit, not drink it.

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Please do get in touch if there is a health issue you think we should cover, you can e-mail us at insidehealth@bbc.co.uk.

A number of you did contact us after the last series when guest Professor Andrew Moore suggested that the UK has a problem with prescribed painkillers.

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His views reflect growing concern among pain experts that we鈥檙e misusing strong opioid drugs like morphine, oxycodone and fentanyl because they don鈥檛 work that well for most types of long term pain.听 So we asked Professor Moore, who works at the Pain Research Unit in Oxford, to clarify what he meant when he suggested that using powerful opioids for long term non-cancer pain often does more harm than good.

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Moore

Well opioids will work superbly well in acute pain.听 They鈥檒l work in chronic pain.听 But the difference when you go from acute to chronic is they鈥檙e probably extremely good in a very, very small proportion of people.听 The problem is that they鈥檙e given to many people for whom they鈥檙e not good in large doses and in those circumstances there is decidedly more harm from opioids than benefit.

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Porter

And your definition of acute and chronic is what 鈥� are we talking days, weeks, months?

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Moore

Well the typical definition is chronic pain is any pain that you鈥檝e got which is at least moderate and lasts for three months or longer.

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Porter

And what you鈥檙e saying is that opioids in this group of patients are nowhere near as good as we perhaps think they are and maybe doing a lot more harm than we think.听 Why aren鈥檛 they working?

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Moore

The evidence that we鈥檝e got I think is flawed, it鈥檚 entirely statistical and is not focused on the patient and their doctor.听 If you focus on the patient and the doctor you get a completely different answer that the drugs do not work.听 There will be a few people who can get benefit without adverse events and our clinical trials are not sensitive to detect them.

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Porter

And in terms of trends do we know what鈥檚 happening, are we using more of these drugs?

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Moore

Yes the trend is decidedly upwards, quite rapidly upwards.听 Once you get above about a 100-150 milligrams per day of oral morphine then all of the opioid receptors that you鈥檝e got in your body are probably saturated with morphine anyway, you鈥檙e not going to get much more of an effect.听 Doctors are used to red flags and getting above a 100 milligrams per day of oral morphine without any appreciable pain relief is a red flag and it says if the drug鈥檚 not working stop it.

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Porter

Well to learn more about where doctors like me are getting it wrong and what we can do about it I鈥檝e come to the busy pain clinic here at Southmead Hospital in Bristol.

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Robinson

My name is David Robinson, I鈥檝e been taking opioids for over two years now.听 This time last year I was on 150 fentanyl patch; 120 milligram morphine driver and orally I took 540 milligrams over a period of about two or three days, daily.

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Porter

Now to people not familiar with opiate doses that鈥檚 a huge dose.

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Robinson

That鈥檚 10 times that鈥檚 safe for man.

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Porter

Of three different drugs鈥�

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Robinson

础濒濒鈥�

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Porter

And you were still in pain?

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Robinson

They were surprised I was standing.听 I would get up in the morning, I would sit in a chair, at lunchtime I鈥檇 have something to eat, I鈥檇 sit back in the chair and go back to bed.

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Porter

You never left the house?

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Robinson

No.

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Stannard

Hi, my name鈥檚 Cathy Stannard and I鈥檓 a consultant in the pain clinic here at Southmead Hospital and we see patients who have long term pain.听 I am very frequently referred patients who may be on 10, up to 50 times, the dose that we know that is safe and effective.听 These are people who are walking around but are having a lot of side effects in relation to those drugs.听 The bottom line is that these drugs are not very helpful in the long term and we know that quite clearly and we know from prescribing data that there is a massive rise in the prescription of these drugs and that that rise is almost wholly accounted for by use for people with persistent pain not associated with cancer.听 And I guess both the prescriber and the patient will be concerned about stopping the drug in case the pain gets worse without ever really thinking about whether it鈥檚 helped at all in the first place.

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Porter

And the sort of impact that鈥檚 having on the patients, I mean it鈥檚 not helping their pain, number one, but what else might it be doing to them?

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Stannard

Well I think the most important thing is it鈥檚 not helping their pain, so if you鈥檙e looking at a risk and benefit equation it鈥檚 all risk, there鈥檚 no benefit.听 So there will be the immediate side effects, so sedation, sleepiness, constipation, sickness maybe.听 But there are longer term harms as well, we know that these drugs in the longer term cause damage to the immune system, we know they can damage hormones, so women they may stop having periods, they can cause infertility, they can cause sexual dysfunction.听 And then there is the risk of becoming dependent on these drugs, which is kind of a normal effect but that can become problematic, so people can find it very difficult to stop the drugs.听 And we know from large studies, particularly in the US, that the incidents of fractures and falls and overdose and death increases when the dose of drug goes up.

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Porter

So to be clear we鈥檙e saying that these drugs, which are used for moderate to severe, mainly severe, pain are very effective if you for instance were to break your leg or you鈥檙e recovering from an operation but if you鈥檙e using them long term, say you鈥檝e got a long term back problem, you鈥檙e likely to run into trouble.听 What鈥檚 the difference then between the short term pain and the long term pain?

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Stannard

Well I think it鈥檚 鈥� I think you鈥檝e hit the nail on the head it鈥檚 the difference between the nature of the pain and pain is an important signalling system to tell us or alert us that we鈥檝e been injured and to take action to take things easy until we鈥檝e healed.听 But long term pain serves no useful function and it seems to be biologically if you like a much more complex phenomenon.

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Robinson

I went back to the doctors to get more and more prescriptions for the morphine and it just wasn鈥檛 doing it, it wasn鈥檛 cutting it.

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Porter

But the standard response was that if you鈥檙e still in pain then we鈥檙e presumably not giving you enough of the drug so they up the dose each time?

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Robinson

They up the dose yeah.

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Porter

So what鈥檚 happened since then, that was 鈥� the peak was last year, that鈥檚 when you were on the most drugs, what are you taking now?

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Robinson

At the moment I鈥檓 taking 70 milligrams fentanyl patches.

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Porter

So you鈥檙e on half the fentanyl patches that you were on a year ago.

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Robinson

I鈥檝e dropped the oral steroids, I鈥檝e dropped the morphine driver and I鈥檓 weaning myself off the patches at 12 milligrams at a time.

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Porter

So you鈥檙e on a fraction of the medication that you were on 12 months ago.听 What鈥檚 happened to the pain?

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Robinson

Pain wise when I drop my patch I get a day where I鈥檓 in like a lot of pain, then a day when there鈥檚 less pain and it peters off like that.听 So each time I drop it it does take two or three days for my body to adjust to it.听 The pain is better, the pain has gone away quite dramatically.听 I want to get off the opioids so I can get my life back.

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Stannard

It鈥檚 very important to understand that perception of pain and particularly the intensity of the pain and the degree to which it interferes with function is very much influenced by thoughts, emotions, previous experience of pain, fear about the meaning of pain.听 So as the pain becomes chronic many, many more factors come into play, with the tissue injury disappearing very much into the background as a contributor to the pain experience.听 And I think, it鈥檚 a very broad comment, but I think one of the reasons that these drugs don鈥檛 work very well is that for many people the original tissue injury has become a very minor part of the problem.听 The whole pain experience has become much more complex and opioids don鈥檛 treat the rest of that experience.

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Porter

How do you manage somebody then who鈥檚 referred to you by a doctor like me, who may be on 10 times the sort of standard dose of morphine, they鈥檙e still in pain, they鈥檝e got all sorts of problems from taking the morphine, I mean presumably your main aim is to get them off the drug?

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Stannard

It absolutely is and I think patients understand very well when they鈥檙e given the figures about what we know about opioid related harms that actually to be in pain and off opioids is a better state than being in the same pain on the drugs.听 Doctors sometimes worry what are we going to do instead but even if we don鈥檛 do anything instead taking patients off medication that doesn鈥檛 work is a very important healthcare intervention.

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Porter

How difficult is that?

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Stannard

It鈥檚 difficult if a patient doesn鈥檛 want to come off them or if a patient is frightened about coming off and obviously if you鈥檙e on a high dose opioid and you鈥檙e in severe pain there is always a worry that things might be even worse.听 The strategy that we鈥檝e been using here with colleagues from the neuropsychiatry department is initially to change patients over to a different opioid and the drug that we use is methadone, which many people will be familiar with from its use in the management of opioid addiction.听 It is also a painkiller and it鈥檚 a useful tool to be able to help patients get their opioid dose down.听 But I think the transition from one drug to another and then reducing the dose of methadone is a small part of it and a lot of what we do here is maybe exploring with patients why they鈥檝e ended up on high doses in the first place.听 And it may well be that patients will be deriving some blunting of unpleasant thoughts, emotions or experiences by taking drugs and that is one of the drivers, we know, for persisting use and that鈥檚 borne out by the larger literature.

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Porter

So it鈥檚 not just the pain?

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Stannard

It鈥檚 not just the pain, but opioids will distance people from unpleasant thoughts and emotions and experiences.听 And actually taking that away can sometimes be quite scary for patients.听 So we have to find out what those drivers are and help patients manage those unpleasant experiences in a different way.

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Porter

So what should we be doing to stop ourselves getting in this situation?听 If somebody comes and sees me in severe pain, acute severe pain, they鈥檙e put on an opiate to try and help them, what should I then do to make sure that 18 months later they鈥檙e not coming to a clinic like yours?

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Stannard

I would say the most important factor for prescribers is that when a patient comes back who鈥檚 still in pain, that means the drug is not working and should be stopped.

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Robinson

I鈥檓 able to do more, I鈥檓 not comatose sat in a chair watching the world go by.听 I want to be able to go back to work, I want to be able to drive my car, I want to be able to ride my motorbike, I want to be able to go out with my friends.听 And it鈥檚 all things that I can鈥檛 do because at the time when the drugs were high I couldn鈥檛 go out and do anything, nothing at all.

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Porter

David Robinson talking to me at Dr Cathy Stannard鈥檚 clinic at Southmead Hospital.

And you鈥檒l find some useful links on concerns about opioid use on the Inside Health page of the Radio 4 website.

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One of our founding principles here at Inside Health is to provide clarity where there is confusion, but, as we start our 10th series, there is still something that confuses me 鈥� the term no evidence, as in there is no evidence that X does Y - something you hear bandied around a lot on Inside Health. So, for the sake of clarity, and to explain what they mean I am joined by two members of the team who use 鈥渘o evidence鈥� all the time听 鈥� our resident sceptic Dr Margaret McCartney and regular contributor and Editor of the Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin Dr James Cave. James, enlighten me.

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Cave

Well what does it mean to me?听 I mean it鈥檚 ripe with complications isn鈥檛 it because you can have no evidence meaning that someone has looked and found nothing, so the larder is bare.

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Porter

So this drug doesn鈥檛 work鈥�

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Cave

So this drug doesn鈥檛 work鈥�

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Porter

We know it.

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Cave

We know it doesn鈥檛 work, we鈥檝e tried it out, it doesn鈥檛 work, there is no evidence to use this drug in this situation.听 That鈥檚 no evidence.听 But you can have another situation where there is no evidence that this drug causes any problems because no one鈥檚 ever looked.听 And it鈥檚 not that it鈥檚 an empty larder, it鈥檚 no one鈥檚 even found the larder yet to look in it.听 So that鈥檚 a very difference sort of result isn鈥檛 it?

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Porter

And yet Margaret this term no evidence is being increasingly banded around the assumption is that when somebody says there鈥檚 no evidence to support something it means that whatever that something is doesn鈥檛 help, doesn鈥檛 work, isn鈥檛 safe.

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McCartney

Yes, this is my New Year鈥檚 resolution, so I pledge over the next year, in fact forever I hope, to be much more careful in the way that I use the term no evidence.听 And I think as Jim Cave it鈥檚 absolutely right, sometimes there鈥檚 no evidence because people have done really high quality trials and they鈥檝e looked very hard to see if an intervention works or not, that can mean no evidence but what they鈥檙e really 鈥� I really should say in that situation is I should say we鈥檝e searched for evidence and there is a lack of evidence for this intervention as compared to there is no evidence for this, in which case no one鈥檚 bothered doing any trials or the trials are so low quality and rubbish that we should really just dismiss them.

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Porter

Well let me suggest something even simpler.听 What you might be able to say to me is when I ask you whether something works you can say no Mark it doesn鈥檛 work and we know it doesn鈥檛 work because we鈥檝e done the evidence or we don鈥檛 know if it works or not because there isn鈥檛 any evidence either way.

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McCartney

Indeed.听 The only caveat I would give is that it鈥檚 very hard to prove a negative, it can鈥檛 be done.听 So we can鈥檛 prove that something doesn鈥檛 work, all we can do is prove that we don鈥檛 have evidence that it does work.听 So I think the purists in evidence based medicine will be straight on the phone after the programme if I dared to say that, so I must keep myself right in all regards.

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Porter

I knew it would be more complicated than I thought.听 But are there examples where because something鈥檚 got no evidence behind it it鈥檚 been discontinued or stopped, I mean are we in danger of throwing the baby out with the bathwater I suppose?

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Cave

The current problem is that we tend to have most drugs wrapped up with evidence that they work and then we spend the next three or four years finding out in real life whether they do or not.听 Bizarrely just recently someone鈥檚 looked at the evidence for Allopurinol, which is used in gout, we all use it in gout, does it reduce the number of gouty episodes that people get?听 Apparently there is no evidence, in the sense that when they鈥檝e looked it doesn鈥檛 seem to work.

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Porter

But actually James that鈥檚 still slightly confusing, the way you worded that, so what you鈥檙e saying Allopurinol is a treatment we use to prevent gout attacks, to keep it at bay, what you鈥檙e saying is it doesn鈥檛 work or there isn鈥檛 any evidence that it works.

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Cave

Yeah, you see this is the problem isn鈥檛 it, what I鈥檓 saying is that we have found the larder, we鈥檝e opened it and we鈥檝e got just one or two rather slightly rotten looking fruit telling us it鈥檚 not very good.听 Now I think we need to have a better look and shine a light further down in the larder and find some better evidence.听 So I personally believe that Allopurinol works, I cannot believe it doesn鈥檛 given that I鈥檝e got stacks of patients who take it who tell me that they no longer get gout.听 Now perhaps I鈥檓 just completely wrong about that.听 But I think the evidence is meagre and that鈥檚 a drive to get better evidence.听 And I think one of the things for us in general practice where we fail completely is in research and if there鈥檚 one thing I could do this year would be to try and get more research in primary care because that鈥檚 where it鈥檚 needed, that鈥檚 where you determine really whether drugs work or not.

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Porter

So you鈥檝e both got New Year鈥檚 resolutions now.

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McCartney

And we鈥檝e got these fantastic computer systems now that it should be possible to say okay I think in Allopurinol in your situation might be a good idea, why can鈥檛 we add you into a trials database, so that we鈥檙e gathering all this data and really using it for powerful good.

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Porter

And just to be clear for Inside Health listeners your New Year鈥檚 resolution is what?

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McCartney

My resolution is to be clearer about whether there is no evidence because the trials haven鈥檛 been done or whether there is no evidence because the trials have been done and the intervention doesn鈥檛 work.

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Porter

And I shall hold you to that.听 But while I have got you here, I would be interested in your thoughts on whether we should be leading by example.

听

Recently both the new Chief Executive of the NHS, Simon Stevens , and the Chief Medical Officer, Professor Dame Sally Davies, have stated publicly that NHS staff should set an example as part of a public health campaign against the growing threat of obesity.听

听

Meanwhile the appointment of an obese doctor, former GP Maggie De Block, as Belgium鈥檚 new Minister for Public Health, was widely criticised in the media as sending the wrong message. So Margaret do us doctors have a duty to be slim, clean living icons of virtue?

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McCartney

I think what really makes me most alarmed is the lack of empathy, sympathy or compassion for people who are obese.听 The vast majority of my patients who are overweight are deeply ashamed of being overweight, are often stigmatised by being overweight and have often struggled, often for many years, with losing weight, gaining weight, losing weight, gaining weight 鈥� it鈥檚 a huge difficult chronic problem.听 And I think what really makes me feel quite frightened as well is that there is an inference that doctors should somehow be perfect, the perfect leaders, the perfect people 鈥� it鈥檚 a kind of Mary Poppins situation and it鈥檚 just not realistic.

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Porter

I suppose the criticism that could be aimed at doctors who smoke or doctors who drink too much, doctors who are overweight is one of hypocrisy 鈥� do as I say, not as I do.听 Is it the inclusion of obesity in that list that concerns you, do you think it鈥檚 different from smoking, drinking too much, eating the wrong foods?

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Cave

I think where we鈥檝e got to be clear here is if we go back 20 years there was less obesity, now is that because somehow our society鈥檚 lost its moral fibre or somehow we鈥檝e all become weak?听 No it鈥檚 not any genetic change in us, what鈥檚 happened is that the environment we are now in is an obesogenic environment.听 If you look on TV, if you walk down the high street, there鈥檚 more calories there than ever before.听 So for me the idea that this is a personal problem is the wrong way of dealing with obesity.听 I think if you smoke that鈥檚 personal, it can also be an issue with the health of your family.听 But obesity shouldn鈥檛 be looked upon as a personal issue, it鈥檚 a society issue.

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Porter

Given that obesity鈥檚 being heralded at the moment as public enemy number one, up there with smoking and being compared with smoking regularly, the appointment of the Belgium public health minister caused quite a furore in the press.听 If you were to choose someone to lead a public health campaign against obesity would you have chosen someone like the Belgium doctor who鈥檚 probably 10 stone overweight?

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McCartney

Well I certainly wouldn鈥檛 make a moral judgement over what she does in her personal decision making and what she鈥檚 capable of doing in her job.听

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Porter

You wouldn鈥檛 have considered that?

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McCartney

Well I would hope not because if I did I would have considered myself treating obesity as a stigma, which I think is a bad thing to do.听 And the question should be perhaps she has got more insights, perhaps, into obesity because of her personal situation, who knows.听 I think to make a moral judgement about whether someone is capable or not to deal with her job because of her obvious risk factor I think is really unfair.听 Lots and lots of us carry risk factors, like for example, excessive or risky drinking or unprotected sex, of drug taking, which are not obvious to everyone else and yet somehow they get off, they get scot free off, they don鈥檛 get stigmatised in the same way as someone who鈥檚 obese does.

听

Porter

James.

听

Cave

It does look odd doesn鈥檛 it, that鈥檚 the problem, as a human issue it just 鈥� I remember when Kenneth Clarke was the Secretary of State for Health and there he was cigar smoking, spirit drinking man who was overweight and it鈥檚 a really difficult one this because I think you somehow have to separate the individual and their personal issues related to their health and then if you like the health issues of the state or of the country or of my patients or whichever level you鈥檙e looking at.听 And I think those two are looked at differently and should be looked at differently.听 In many respects what Margaret is saying is that you don鈥檛 know everyone really, we don鈥檛 have anything other than the veneer that we see.听 The trouble with obesity is it鈥檚 part of that veneer.

听

Porter

You can鈥檛 hide the fact that someone鈥檚 obese, you can hide the fact that they drink too much or if they smoke or if they don鈥檛 do any exercise or they follow a poor diet.

听

McCartney

I think what really matters is relationships between patients and doctors which are based on trust and professionalism and which were built in general practice over time.听 And I think that those kind of relationships are ones where trust is epicentre and I think we shouldn鈥檛 hide our failings as doctors, whether it鈥檚 not to know all the evidence, not to have read up on recent guidelines, we should be much honest I think, much more human and much more approachable and part of our humane health service, rather than one that鈥檚 kind of based as doctors as demi-gods telling everyone else what to do.听 And I think we have to be much more realistic as well, instead of seeing an individual as a person to blame, as James said, look at the obesogenic society.

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Porter

Okay, we must leave it there. Margaret McCartney and James Cave thank you very much.

听

Just time to tell you about next week when I will be asking how often you should visit the dentist for a check-up, and I will be trying out a new test recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for assessing the state of your arteries听 or, in this case my arteries.

听

ENDS