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The story of policing is bound up with the history of protest. Far more than dealing with demonstrations on the street, policing owes its very existence to fears of political unrest and to help protect the state from public disorder. In this wide-ranging three-part series, ´óÏó´«Ã½ Home Affairs Editor Mark Easton, with the help of former Police Assistant Commissioner Rob Beckley, tells the story of policing protest in the UK from Peterloo to the present - and beyond.

Episode 2: Tactics and Crowds

In the wake of extremely tough sentencing for Just Stop Oil campaigners and their direct action protests on the M25, this episode explores the ongoing, tactical arms race between protestors and police. Given new powers to curb the duration of protests and set the limit of what counts as unreasonable public disturbance, the police are also conscious of human rights legislation that protects our freedom to protest. But do the radical tactics of organisations like JSO make it harder for other, less militant groups - or is the new legislation part of a wider political clampdown on protest? Police training around public order is focused on protest and the threat of disorder turning into riot. This episode examines the 19th century crowd psychology that underlies modern policing – a fear of the power of the multitude, and the need to contain it.

Modern policing in Britain has its origins in protest. The Metropolitan Police was founded by Robert Peel in 1829 in the shadow of the Peterloo massacre ten years earlier where, under instruction from the government, local militia fired directly into the crowd gathered in Manchester in support of voting rights for working men. Peel devised the notion of ‘policing by consent’ as a way of securing support for police within communities, as opposed to using coercive force from without. So simultaneously a police force, an arm of the state tasked with controlling public order and crowd control, that would also be a community service - sensitive and responsive to citizens - was formed. This tension lies at the heart of policing even today and is part of a deeper story of how society contains and manages dissent.

Today, policing protest and the control of public order remain at the heart of modern policing. Every week in the capital and cities around the UK the sheer scale, diversity and number of protests is increasing - from domestic issues to climate change and international affairs, with large protests on events in the Middle East. There are huge variations in tactics and the use of social media by different groups – from marching and procession to occupation and ‘static’ protest, direct action and disinformation. And all of this requires policing.

In an era of what police are calling ‘chronic’ protest, resources are being stretched to breaking point. Live social media means the police are under more scrutiny and pressure than ever. Organisations like Extinction Rebellion have brought the capital to a standstill while other groups, like Black Lives Matter, have targeted policing itself as an object of protest.

Hearing from police officers of all ranks, activists and agitators from across the protest spectrum, historians, political thinkers, lawyers and journalists – and rich with archives - this series goes deep into the philosophical foundations and real tactics of public order policing. It explores the future of AI in policing protest and new technologies deployed by protestors, the police’s use of crowd psychology, the testing of ‘operational independence’ in the face of political pressure and the regulation of what spaces may or may not be used for public dissent today – the erosion of the protest space, reclaiming our political commons.

Where does the future of protest lie - and with new powers at their disposal, how will it be policed?

Contributors include criminologist Alex Vitale; XR activist Sarah; Rick Muir, director of the Police Foundation; Melissa Carrington from Just Stop Oil; Matt Twist, Assistant Commissioner for Met Operations; Graham Smith, CEO of Republic; Superintendent Oliver Cosgrove, Avon Somerset Police; Kerry Reece, a public order trainer from Gloucestershire Constabulary; Tony Blatchford, a Silver Public Order Commander; Police Support Unit instructor Jim Hill; group psychologist Clifford Stott; historian Katrina Navikas; author and Black Lives Matter activist Adam Elliott-Cooper; justice campaigner and creator of the 4Front project Temi Mwale; Chief Executive Officer of the College of Policing Andy Marsh; new correspondent and filmmaker Greg McKenzie, Detective Inspector and protest liaison Upile Mtitimila and ecological activist Dan Hooper, aka ‘Swampy’.

Presented by Mark Easton, with reporting by Rob Beckley

Produced by Simon Hollis

A Brook Lapping production for ´óÏó´«Ã½ Radio 4

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