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Uniting the nation

'We will fight on the beaches.' 'This was their finest hour.' 'Never was so much owed by so many to so few.'

Winston Churchill's memorable speeches strengthened Britain's resolve during the dark days of World War Two. He had long understood the power of words, writing at the age of 22: "Of all the talents bestowed upon men, none is so precious as the gift of oratory. He who enjoys it wields a power more durable than that of a great king."

But public speaking didn't come naturally to Churchill. He had to overcome ridicule and a speech impediment. So how was he able to transform himself into the public speaker he is recognised as today and just how crucial a role did his speeches play in winning the war?

How Winston weaved his words

When Churchill became Prime Minister in May 1940 he was aware of the importance of oratory in inspiring a nation at war.

He had to overcome criticism about his delivery and a vocabulary that was often seen as old-fashioned. But the dramatic events of the summer of 1940 rose to a level of drama that suited the Churchillian prose.

Churchill’s speeches were not off-the-cuff, he spent much time preparing and practising saying them out loud, helping him overcome the nervousness he had felt about public speaking since his youth.

Unlike most modern politicians Churchill didn’t employ speech writers. He was his own spin-doctor, quipping that “history will be kind to me, for I intend to write it”. He was a great writer, winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953, and he spoke of how he wrote speeches like psalms, setting out his notes in a distinctive 'Psalm form'. The phrased passages helped him to maintain the right cadence in his delivery, and he made use of rhythm and dramatic pauses.

Churchill used emotive language, metaphor and powerful imagery, delivering his speeches with such authority that they strengthened the nation’s resolve during the darkest of days. He understood how to use words to let the listener’s imagination take over, transporting them to the scene of the battle. Churchill had mastered the art of alliteration, often repeating the same sounding words for maximum impact.

The dentures that won the war

Churchill hated his lisp and at school he attempted to eradicate it by practising saying ‘The Spanish ships I cannot see for they are sheltered’.

But by the time he became prime minister, he had come to value his lisp as a crucial weapon in the war effort, as he believed it gave him an authentic sound in his radio broadcasts. So he had his dentures specifically designed to preserve his lisp.

One set of the dentures auctioned in 2010 for over £15,000. The other existing set is in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The museum’s Jane Hughes, described their significance: "These really are the teeth that saved the world. Without them, 'fight them on the beaches' would never have sounded the same. They were vital to the war effort."

The power of Churchill's roar

His finest hour?

Arguably Churchill’s most famous speech came on 18 June 1940, when Britain stood alone after the fall of France.

Copies of his 'Battle of Britain' speech held at Cambridge University’s Churchill Archives Centre reveal the amount of time Churchill spent drafting and redrafting it.

The archive’s director Allen Packwood explains how Churchill edited the speech until the last moment. "The page is covered with his handwritten annotations. He knew how much was riding on this, but he is able to craft the oratory in this moment of extreme stress.”

Although it is now widely credited with galvanising the nation ahead of the invasion of the German Luftwaffe, the initial reaction to the speech in the Commons was less than enthusiastic, as author Dr Stephen Bungay explains:

“Churchill gave his address in the Commons in the afternoon and then broadcast to the nation that evening. His Private Secretary wrote that ‘he spoke less well than on the last occasion’. MP Harold Nicolson recorded that he thought Churchill sounded ‘ghastly’, while newspaper owner Cecil King thought he was either ill or drunk. Churchill did the entire broadcast while smoking a cigar, which along with his lifelong difficulty in pronouncing the letter 's' might account for the impression that he was drunk.”

Despite that initial scepticism, Churchill’s words inspired the British people. A Home Office report on public opinion conducted the following day found that the anxiously awaited speech was considered 'courageous and hopeful'. Churchill’s popularity grew from there with a Gallup poll conducted in July giving him an 88% approval rating.

Tim Collins on what makes a great speech

Having given many speeches in the Army I understand that a powerful speech can urge soldiers to go forward by helping them realise that the shame of stepping back is far worse than anything that might happen by advancing. But what does it take to make a great speech?

In ����ý Four’s Speeches That Shook The World, poet Simon Armitage said a speech should appeal not just to the head, but to the heart and guts. Armitage explained: “Speech-making is the art of persuasion. There are lots of rhetorical techniques, but the most important element is that you structure your argument clearly. The right words, a strong argument, powerful delivery charged with emotion can inspire action."

Martin Luther King’s iconic ‘I have a dream’ speech achieved all these objectives, as did Churchill’s war-time speeches. I believe the vital role Churchill and his inspirational speeches played in helping win the war cannot be over-estimated. He inspired a people to fight on after their allies had fallen and he inspired the Empire to back Britain, which was vital.

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