Was Shakespeare a feminist?

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Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more

There are around seven times more male than female roles in Shakespeare's plays – a huge disparity between the sexes in speaking parts.

Although they are lacking in numbers and are sometimes accused of being archetypal, Shakespeare's female characters often show displays of courage, intelligence, ambition, recklessness and pride.

So in an age when women were not considered equals, did Shakespeare speak up for women – or is it all much ado about nothing?

WATCH: Understanding femininity

Eleanor Matsuura considers whether Shakespeare's female roles are substantial enough, and talks about her own experience of playing Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

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Lovers Fenton and Anne meet in Act 3, Scene 4 of The Merry Wives of Windsor, as illustrated by Hugh Thomson in 1910.

Shakespeare in love

Shakespeare depicts equal relationships between men and women in some of his plays. But was this a reflection on his personal life?

Mary Arden had lost two daughters before William was born, and the boy was the apple of his mother’s eye.

Mary would have taught her son to read, delighting him with stories and sparking his imagination.

The second best bed

His marriage to Anne Hathaway is presumed to have been a shotgun wedding – they married in 1582 while she was pregnant with their first child. For most of their married life, Shakespeare lived in London, writing and performing while Anne remained in Stratford.

When he retired from the theatre in 1613, he chose to return to his wife rather than stay in London. In his will, Shakespeare left Anne his "second best bed". This is widely thought to be a slight but, in fact, the second best bed in most households was the marital bed – a rather touching object to leave for his widow.

There is no evidence to suggest Shakespeare disliked the women in his life, but some believe he had extra-marital affairs. In Sonnets 127-154, he refers to a passionate relationship with a "Dark Lady". Some historians have identified her as Emilia Lanier, a progressive poet who wrote about women's sexual liberation.

Perhaps she, along with his mother and wife, helped shape Shakespeare into a progressive, forward-thinking man – if not by today's standards then at least for his time.

And though she be but little, she is fierce

Shakespeare created a number of vivid, independent and free-thinking female characters in his plays. Are his ladies the ultimate girl power group? Click through our gallery to uncover their stories.

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Queen Titania rules the roost in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Her ethereal grace is matched by her power. Many great actors have revelled in her enchanting nature, including Judi Dench and Maxine Peake (pictured) in the ��ý’s 2016 adaptation.
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The Taming of the Shrew’s Katherine is spirited and wildly independent. Although she is ‘tamed’ by her husband, Katherine displays an almighty strength of character, as portrayed by Meryl Streep in New York’s 1979 Shakespeare in the Park series.
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Rosalind, played here by Helen Mirren in a 1978 ��ý adaptation, is the protagonist in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, and the only woman to have more lines than her male counterpart. Her devotion, loyalty and kindness make her a popular character.
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Desdemona, played here by Joanna Lumley with the Old Harrovians in 1976, is a faithful companion to Othello. Her kindness and unwavering trust ultimately lead to her demise. Desdemona is the antithesis of the play's masculine anger and jealousy.
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Juliet is a young beauty, famously captured by Clare Danes in Baz Luhrmann’s 1996 film adaptation Romeo & Juliet. As her rash lover Romeo loses his cool under Cupid’s watchful gaze, Juliet remains self-assured and in control to the bitter end.
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Cleopatra is a queen among men and an expert politician. Played here by Elizabeth Taylor in 1963, she dominates the narrative of Anthony and Cleopatra with passion and confidence.
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Lady Macbeth will stop at nothing to achieve greatness and she demonstrates a woman’s capacity for cruelty and manipulation. Portrayed here by Judith Anderson in 1941, she is one of the most coveted Shakespearian characters to play.
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Viola’s pure honesty and resourcefulness in a time of crisis is the driving force of Twelfth Night. Despite being shipwrecked, Viola’s joyful charm persists. Vanessa Redgrave captured her energy at the Shaw Theatre, London, in 1972.
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Beatrice’s sharp wit and lack of decorum sparks much of the humour in Much Ado About Nothing. She is the antithesis of obedient Shakespearean women, as represented by her shy cousin Hero. Cherie Lunghi captured her fiery energy in a 1984 adaptation.

How are women represented in Shakespeare?

King Charles II's decree in 1660 declared that "all the women’s parts to be acted in either of the said two companies may be performed by women", giving patents to two theatre companies to allow women to act. That same year, the first woman on a public stage played the part of Desdemona in Othello.

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