- Lady Charlotte Guest Best known for her pioneering translation of the Mabinogion.
- Law of Wales/Hywel Dda Codified between 942 and 950, when Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) was king of most of Wales.
- Lewis Valentine Politician, pastor, author and Welsh language activist.
- Linear castles Norman built castles that concentrate defences on one side or point of the castle.
- Literacy Welsh population was literate by the second half of the 18th century.
- Madog ap Maredudd Last Prince of the entire Kingdom of Powys.
- Marchia Wallie Sphere of Norman influence in Wales in the 12th century.
- Margaret Beaufort Mother of King Henry VII of England and grandmother of Henry VIII.
- Margaret ferch Thomas Descended from Llywelyn ab Iorwerth and married to Tudur Fychan.
- Medieval Wales The period of time between the invasion of the Normans and the beginning of the Tudor age.
- Meibion Glyndwr Meaning The sons of Glyndwr, this Welsh nationalist group operated in Wales during the 1980s and 1990s.
- Migration Over the centuries, Wales has experienced large-scale movements of people.
- Miners' Strike (1984-1985) A defining moment in British industrial relations, this major industrial action affected the British coal industry.
- Mining The mining of copper, slate, gold and silver has been practised around Wales since ancient times.
- Motte and bailey castles Simple to make and relatively easy to defend structures that appeared after the Norman Conquest
- Mons Badonicus Battle in about 493-516, in which indigenous Britons defeated the Anglo-Saxons.
- National Assembly for Wales Since May 1999, Wales has had a National Assembly with 60 elected members making decisions on key areas of national life.
- National Health Service Aneurin Bevan was the Labour politician who was instrumental in creating the National Health Service.
- National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) National Union of Mineworkers.
- Neville Chamberlain British prime minister between 1937 and 1940, closely associated with the policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany.
- Normans Derived from "Northmen" or "Norsemen", after the Vikings from Scandinavia who founded Normandy.
- Norman invasion The invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy ("William the Conqueror"), and his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
- North America-Wales migration The Welsh have been settling in North America since 1642.
- North Wales Women's Temperance Union Set up in Blaenau Ffestiniog in 1892 to counter the negative effects of alcohol.
- Offa's Dyke Massive linear earthwork, roughly following some of the current border between England and Wales.
- Olaf Trygvasson King of Norway from 995 to 1000.
- Owain ap Tudur ap Marededd/Owen Tudor Welsh soldier and courtier, who is particularly remembered for his role in founding England's Tudor dynasty.
- Owain Glyndwr Wales' famed warrior prince.
- Patagonia-Wales migration A united Welsh colony deliberately retaining the language and culture of the home country.
- Pirates History blog on Welsh pirates. From Sir Henry Morgan to John Callis who terrorised the shipping lanes around the Severn estuary and the Bristol Channel.
- Plaid Cymru Political party formed in 1925 , seeking self government and the preservation of the language and culture of Wales.
- Poetry Aneirin and Taliesin are acknowledged as the earliest authors of Welsh poetry and known as the Cynfeirdd (Early Poets).
- Poor Law Passed in 1601; it authorised every parish to raise rates to maintain the poor, to apprentice orphan children and to punish 'sturdy beggars'.
- Protestantism In contrast to that of Roman Catholicism, Protestantism rejects papal authority and many elements of Roman Catholic doctrine.
- Pura Wallia By 1100 Wales was divided into "Pura Wallia" ruled by the Welsh princes and "Marchia Wallie" ruled by the Norman barons.
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