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Questions

1. Identify the equation to work out cardiac output (Q).
   • A) stroke volume × heart rate
   • B) blood pressure × heart rate
   • C) tidal volume × stroke volume
   • D) blood pressure × stroke volume
2. Identify the muscle that forms an antagonistic pair with the triceps. (1)
3. Describe the action of the diaphragm when breathing in. (2)
4. Using the evidence from the graph below discuss how the cardiovascular system adapts to long term aerobic exercise participation. (8)

Answers

1. A
2. Biceps
3. The diaphragm contracts (1) and flattens (1)
4. Answer to include:
   • decreased resting BP
   • cardiac hypertrophy – increased stroke volume (SV), increased cardiac output (Q), decreased resting heart rate (HR)
   • capillarisation around the alveoli and skeletal muscle
   • Increased strength of respiratory muscles, increased vital capacity, decreased breathing frequency (f), decreased tidal volume means greater amount of oxygen available to working muscle
   • Increased red blood cell production, increased haemoglobin level, increased oxygen carrying capacity, increased gaseous exchange, means greater oxygen carrying capacity