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For domestic use there were three main types of air-raid shelters —

- the ‘Anderson’ shelter, named after John Anderson (later Sir John) the then Home Secretary who was responsible for air-raid precautions, these were made from straight and curved galvanised corrugated steel panels which were bolted together. Six curved panels, bolted at the top, formed the body of the shelter and the straight panels formed the ends, a door was located in one end. The shelter was partially buried in the ground and was then provided with a concrete floor. There was often a small drainage sump in the floor to collect any water that found its way into the shelter. This shelter could accommodate up to six people
- brick built shelters having a reinforced concrete roof. These were often built in the back yards of houses or in gardens where they were sometimes partially below ground.
- the ‘Morrison’ shelter, named after Herbert Morrison the then Minister of Home Security. This was an indoor steel ‘table’ shelter assembled from a ‘kit of parts’ which were assembled and bolted together inside the house. The steel top ‘doubled’ as a table and there were wire mesh panels around the four sides with an entry door through one of the panels.

For public use the shelters were often brick-built with concrete roofs. However underground tunnels were used if they were available. Examples of this were the use of some London Underground tunnels as air-raid shelters and, not far from where I live, the use of a part of the Victoria Tunnel at Newcastle upon Tyne as an air-raid shelter.

The Victoria Tunnel was built to carry coals from the Spital Tongues Colliery at Newcastle upon Tyne (sometimes known as Leazes Main Colliery), at National Grid Reference NZ 237 654, to the river Tyne near to Glasshouse Bridge at NZ 2635 6410.

Construction of the tunnel began on 27th June 1839 and was completed to its entrance from Tyne Street on 8th January 1842.

The completed tunnel was approximately 4 km in length the total descent from the entrance at the colliery to the exit at the river Tyne was 68 metres.

The colliery closed in 1859-60 and the tunnel remained closed for almost eighty years until 1939 when that part of it which ran under the centre of Newcastle, having a depth of about 12 metres - sufficient to be considered bomb-proof, was converted into an air-raid shelter at a cost of £37,000. The shelter had a seating capacity for 9,000 people. At the end of the war most of the fittings were removed and all but one of the entrances that had been made into the tunnel were bricked up.

Apart from public air-raid shelters there were also shelters at many works and factories and also at schools, coal mines etc.

At the school that I attended there were four air-raid shelters each about 25 metres long. These were brick built and had a reinforced concrete roof, each shelter was partially below ground. Inside the shelters there were rows of seats along each side and two classes of children could be seated in each.

At one colliery near to where I lived there was access to the colliery via a ‘day-drift’ from the surface as well as by the pit-shaft. If there was an air-raid then men who were down the pit stayed down until the ‘all clear’ was sounded. Men working above ground went down the day-drift a short way to where seats were provided where they remained until the all clear was sounded.

A few years after the end of the war I started work at a colliery a few miles away and there was an underground tunnel about 130 metres in length located about 15 metres below ground level. This had been used as an air-raid shelter by men working above ground, again men working underground stayed there during the air-raid.

The area close to where I now live was very badly bombed and many houses were either demolished or were badly damaged. Today there are still a number of brick built air-raid shelters that remain and are used as garden outhouses etc. At the local infant’s school there is an air-raid shelter buried underground adjacent to the school playground, at the junior school there is a former Air Raid Warden’s shelter in the corner of the playground.

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