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In 1199 John claimed the dukedom of Normandy and then the crown of England. Arthur, prince of Brittany, John's nephew, was the only possible challenge. England chose John. The French chose Arthur. The northern provinces of France now felt a unity with the kingdom of France rather than England. John returned to France to find his lands had been given to Arthur. He immediately declared war on Arthur and surprised him at Mirebeau. Arthur's died while being held prisoner by John in 1203. The Bretons were outraged by the murder of their duke. The French united against John, who returned to England at the end of 1203 allowing Philip to claim all his French territories leaving. In England Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury died. The Pope chose Cardinal Stephen Langton to replace him. John declared the Pope had no right to choose and seized Church lands. The Pope served England with an interdict. The whole country was excommunicated. Finally John offered to make England a fief of the Papacy and do homage to the Pope. The Pope leapt at this chance and forgave John. The English barons were outraged. Even Stephen Langton the Archbishop of Canterbury felt that the English Church would now be exploited by Rome. The time had come for the Magna Carta.
ARTHUR OF BRITTANY (1187-1203)
 
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