Indicators and the pH scale

Solutions can be acidic, alkaline or neutral:

we get an solution when an acid is dissolved in water
we get an solution when an alkali is dissolved in water
solutions that are neither acidic nor alkaline are

Pure water is neutral, and so is petrol.

An is a substance that changes colour when it is added to acidic or alkaline solutions. You can prepare homemade indicators from red cabbage or beetroot juice - these will help you see if a solution is acidic or alkaline.

Litmus and universal indicator are two indicators that are commonly used in the laboratory.

Litmus

Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions. It turns purple in neutral solutions.

is usually more reliable, and comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper. The table shows the colour changes it can make.

	Red litmus	Blue litmus
Acidic solution	Stays red	Turns red
Neutral solution	Stays red	Stays blue
Alkaline solution	Turns blue	Stays blue

	Acidic solution
Red litmus	Stays red
Blue litmus	Turns red

	Neutral solution
Red litmus	Stays red
Blue litmus	Stays blue

	Alkaline solution
Red litmus	Turns blue
Blue litmus	Stays blue

Notice how we say 'stays red'. This is better than saying 'nothing' or 'stayed the same', because it tells us the colour we actually see.

Blue litmus paper is dipped in a beaker of acid and turns red — Image caption,
Acids turn blue litmus paper red

Red litmus paper is dipped in a beaker of alkali and turns blue — Image caption,
Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue

Universal indicator and the pH scale

Universal indicator is supplied as a solution or as . It is a mixture of several different indicators. Unlike litmus, universal indicator can show us how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is, not just that the solution is acidic or alkaline.

This is measured using the , which is a continuous coloured number scale measuring acids from below zero to alkali's above fourteen.

Universal indicator has many different colour changes, from red for strongly acidic solutions to dark purple for strongly alkaline solutions. In the middle, neutral pH 7 is indicated by green.

A coloured pH scale, ranging from dark red at pH0 and green at pH7, to dark purple at pH14. — Figure caption,
Colour chart of universal indicator colours at different pH values

When you use universal indicator paper, you get more accurate results if you only put a small spot of the test solution on the paper, and then leave the colour to develop for about 30 seconds before comparing it with the colour chart.

These are the important points about the pH scale:

neutral solutions are pH 7 exactly
acidic solutions have pH values less than 7
alkaline solutions have pH values more than 7
the closer to pH 0 you go, the more strongly acidic a solution is
the closer to pH 14 you go, the more strongly alkaline a solution is

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Acids, alkalis and the pH scaleIndicators and the pH scale