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Intro

R&D have been working with the World Service to explore practical and cost effective methods for publishing their audio archive on the web. The tagging experiment is part of R&D's on-going research (within the ABC-IP project) that seeks to create and improve programme metadata and aid discovery of audio archive content using a combination of editorial, algorithmic and crowd-sourcing techniques.

Drawing upon existing research on user contribution systems and collaborative tagging environments, we are exploring the motivations to validate existing tags attached to radio programmes.

The experiment

In 2012 R&D teamed up with , a panel of 15,000 participants across the world, to run the experiment with an international audience. This was designed to study how users contribute to improving the accuracy of programmes tags. In the experiment the participants were invited to listen to one of five short radio clips and review a selection of tags that attempted to describe the content. The interface allowed people to 'agree' or 'disagree' with existing tags and add additional ones they felt were missing. The observed tagging behaviours and survey responses provided insights into what motivates users to engage in the content and help correct the programme information.

Caption: Screenshot of the experiment 'with context' showing clip synopsis and tag explanatory rollovers.

The tags presented to the participants were a mixture of 'user tags' generated from a previous paper based experiment and 'machine tags' generated algorithmically using speech to text software and . These were used to identify key concepts to describe programmes with little or no pre-existing metadata, the resultant tags ranged in their degree of accuracy.

We wanted to find out if contextual information was interesting or useful to the listener and how it might impact on their behaviour in the task, such as to inform their decision making when agreeing or disagreeing with the tags. To do this we divided participants into two testing conditions. Half of the participants were given contextual information e.g. clip synopsis and tag explanations on rollover to describe how and why the tag was attached to the clip. The other participants were given only the basic programme title and tags.

Findings

The experiment attracted 680 participants, these findings are a summation of the quantitive data and qualitative analysis from the survey responses.

Influence of context

We wanted to know whether offering explanations of why a tag was attached to a radio clip was helpful or interesting to the listener. Only half of the experiments revealed the explanations to the listener, enabling us to compare how it impacted on behaviour in the tagging task.

We found that when contextual information was presented to the users, they were 44% more likely to add new tags and 22% less likely to disagree with tags.

Individuals who found the contextual information helpful explained that it enabled them to speed up their decision-making and exposed the thought processes of others. Participants expressed a particular pleasure derived from disagreeing with inaccurate 'machine tags'. However, others found the explanations irritating, as they infringed upon the autonomy of the task at hand.

Tagging behaviour

While only 5% of participants stated that they enjoyed disagreeing with tags, it was the most dominant of all actions. Adding tags makes up only a small percentage of the actions, owing in part to the high number of tags presented to users, which other studies have shown leads to fewer new tags being added. We know that generally 1% of the online audiences are prepared to act as 'content contributors'.

Which tasks did user report to enjoy most?

When questioned after each clip, 28% of users reported agreeing with tags as the most enjoyable action to take and a further 29% enjoyed a mixture of agreeing, disagreeing and adding tags.

How did users actually behave?

While only 5% of participants stated that they preferred disagreeing with tags, it was the most dominant action undertaken, while only 2% of participants added tags.

Motivations for tagging

From the responses gathered in the post experiment survey, the motivations to engage with the task reinforce the existing literature on motivations for online volunteerism, such as:

• Altruism
• Personal or professional interest
• Intellectual stimulation
• Social reward
• Protection/enhancement of personal investment
• An outlet for creative & independent self-expression

An important motivational factor expressed by many was the idea of contributing to a shared task that would improve navigation of ´óÏó´«Ã½ archives. Many participants were also driven by a curiousity about other people's opinions, which seems to heighten engagement with the task. Others confessed that a pedantic nature led to satisfaction from participating in this type of task.

From the survey we found that the more interesting the clip, the less participants interacted with tags. This suggests that motivation to participate is not tethered to enjoyment.

Tag type performance

The top ten tags for each of the five clips were calculated according to the percentage of users who agreed with a tag; as such, the top tags represent the tags people are most likely to agree with. Only 16% of these top tags were 'machine tags' with 'user tags' or 'editorial tags' coming out on top. Conversely the 'machine tags' accounted for 84% of most disagreed with tags.

Tags that most polarise users

By examining the tags that provoked the most extreme user split (in the region of a 50% split on agrees and disagrees), we can identify some common trends or properties and identify the types of tags that are more difficult to achieve consensus on, and perhaps explain why.

User generated tags accounted for 75% of the tags that most divided opinion. Two problems that arise, and which seem to cause mixed responses, relate to spelling errors and descriptive phrases, such as 'silvio burlesconi' and 'painful memories'.

It would be useful to investigate if and how users respond differently to whole phrase versus single word tags, depending on their experience of tagging. Previous experience of tagging might be a significant factor, particularly in these contested tags. For example, 'needs a whole new way of thinking' achieved 37.5% agreement from users who voted.

What's next?

When asked what additional functionality participants desire, they asked for more control within the system such as editing, deleting, categorising and rating tags, as well as methods to facilitate discussion within the tagging community. These findings are now being incorporated into the development roadmap of the .

My time with ´óÏó´«Ã½ R&D

Working with ´óÏó´«Ã½ R&D offered me the chance to work with a lovely group of people in possession of wide ranging skills and expertise. I was able to enhance my understanding of all stages of development, from the 'nuts and bolts' of the back end build and the semantic and linked data framework underpinning the project, through to the user experience element (which was my main focus) due to the approachable and collaborative ethos of the team. It also provided an opportunity to work on an experiment at a much larger scale, providing an extremely rich dataset. It was particularly fulfilling to be able to conduct research that was in turn applied to the actual build of the prototype and influenced design features.

Footnote from Shauna's mentor Theo Jones: The industrial internship scheme gives us an opportunity to add fresh thinking and different skills into our research projects. The terms of the collaboration were flexible enough for us to align the project's direction with Shauna's research interests. Having a UX researcher contributing to a very technically inclined project was a bonus for me.

More about the World Service Archive prototype

You can read more about this in Pete Warren's recent post Developing the World Service archive prototype: UX