War was announced on 3 September 1939. But the 大象传媒 had been secretly preparing for years, so that broadcasting might carry-on whatever happened. As these newly-released interviews and documents show, the 大象传媒鈥檚 main aim was to protect itself, and the country at large, from the massive and immediate air attack everyone expected.
At quarter past 11, on the morning of Sunday 3 September, Broadcasting House in London faded-out the sound of Bow Bells being played from studio 鈥楤A鈥� and switched to 10 Downing Street. The Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was to speak to the nation.
A 大象传媒 engineer and announcer had arrived earlier. Everything was now ready, and the engineer signalled to the announcer that all microphones were live.
It was time for him to introduce the Prime Minister by reading the two short sentences typed on a piece of paper in front of him, what the 大象传媒 had labelled 鈥楢nnouncement B鈥�:
A few minutes later, and after a brief reprise of Bow Bells, the 大象传媒 announced that places of public entertainment such as cinemas and theatres would be closed, schools shut, sports events banned, and that in case of bombing or gas-attacks everyone should take shelter as soon as they heard an air-raid siren.
For millions of Britons, and for millions more tuned-in around the world, it would be this broadcast that would be remembered as marking the start of the Second World War.
The personal diaries collected by offer vivid evidence of an expectant audience: the woman who ran a fish-and-chip shop in Birmingham, listening at home since 10 o鈥檆lock, when the 大象传媒 had announced the time-limit for a German response was going to be 11, and thinking Chamberlain鈥檚 speech, when at last it came, 鈥榲ery restrained鈥�; the seventeen-year-old schoolgirl in Essex, who, along with thousands of others in the South-East of England, heard the air-raid siren sounding in false alarm soon after the transmission from Downing Street had ended and dashed with the rest of her family, gas-masks on, to sit nervously on the staircase 鈥� 鈥榳e have no shelter鈥�, she explained.
But many others had not tuned-in. This was not quite a nation gathered around the wireless set as one. Our diarist in Birmingham, for instance, had been looking out of the window as she listened to the Prime Minister and noticed 鈥榓 good many people in the street acting as usual鈥� 鈥� having got up late, perhaps, or having decided to go to church instead.
Among the many thousands who only heard the news second-hand, was Adelaide Poole, a recently-retired nurse living in Steyning, Sussex. Despite this, the day鈥檚 events instantly prompted in her a swirl of emotions and memories:
For Adelaide Poole, war had been a foregone conclusion. In the week before she had gone to Brighton to 鈥榬elieve the tension鈥� by avoiding the wireless altogether. 鈥業 must guard my own nerves and health鈥�, she wrote in her diary. 鈥榃hat is to come, will come, and I as well as others will bear it as best we can.鈥�
In Birmingham, Sunday鈥檚 announcement was seen 鈥榡ust as confirmation鈥�: 鈥榩eople have regarded us as at war since Friday morning鈥�.
It had been on Friday 1 September that the 大象传媒 brought news that Hitler鈥檚 forces had invaded Poland.
This, two days before Chamberlain took to the airwaves, was the moment when millions started listening obsessively to the 大象传媒 for the latest updates.
In Essex, our seventeen-year-old diarist had spent Friday helping her teachers. At 11 o鈥檆lock, she went to the staff room, where a wireless set had been installed the day before.
There, she wrote, 'we listened to the announcement that 鈥渟erious developments in the international situation鈥� had occurred... At break, everyone was asking everyone else, "Have you heard the news?" or "Has there been any more news?"'
The 大象传媒 also announced some dramatic 鈥� and rather mysterious - news of its own on Friday: in a matter of hours there would be changes to the wavelengths on which everyone listened:
Though the 大象传媒鈥檚 announcement about wavelength changes did not immediately say so, the effect was to shut-down the two services which people had been listening to for years, the National Programme and the Regional Programme, and replace them with just one: what would henceforth be called the 'Home Service'.
No explanations were given. Nor could they be, since the creation of the Home Service was a matter of national security.
For several years, it had been assumed by military planners that the outbreak of war would provoke an immediate 鈥� and potentially devastating 鈥� air attack.
It was also feared that the signals from the 大象传媒鈥檚 powerful transmitters would help guide enemy aircraft to their targets. One obvious solution would be to shut-down transmissions altogether in the event of hostilities, though that would also mean no broadcasting at all for the duration of the war.
The 大象传媒鈥檚 engineers set about looking for an alternative plan, something that might allow them to continue broadcasting without helping the enemy.
In this newly-released oral history interview, we hear from one of those working secretly on the problem: Harold Bishop.
The 大象传媒鈥檚 need to 鈥榮ynchronize鈥� their transmitters lay behind the creation of the single 鈥楬ome Service鈥�. But it was just one change among many at the 大象传媒: the Corporation had been busy with all sorts of other preparations 鈥� especially since the Munich Crisis of 1938, when war had suddenly seemed likely.
The document below was pulled-together by senior 大象传媒 planners throughout the summer of 1939, ready to be issued to staff in an emergency. It represents a 鈥榃ar Book鈥� of new rules and procedures that had been worked-out over years and put in place from 1 September.
Its language is often alarming. It warns, for example, that 鈥榓n air attack literally out of the blue is very possible鈥�. But its main purpose is to explain calmly the new and highly unusual conditions under which the 大象传媒 now operated. It details the protections needed for broadcasters, how staff would be lost to military service, how rationing and shift-work would be introduced, that television would cease.
It also reveals how facilities and whole programme-departments were to be relocated away from London. Its thoroughness is a testimony to 大象传媒 planning. But it also reveals the extent to which the 大象传媒 feared it would be working under siege conditions from the very moment war was declared:
Listeners, of course, knew nothing about these plans. In particular, they were kept in the dark about a sudden mass exodus of staff from the 大象传媒鈥檚 traditional headquarters, which began on 1 September.
Since the Corporation really was determined to stay on air whatever happened, it couldn鈥檛 risk keeping resources concentrated in the capital, or indeed in any one big city.
Announcers would continue to declare on air that 鈥楾his is London鈥�. But in reality, many of the 大象传媒鈥檚 most famous wartime programmes would be broadcast from makeshift studios lashed-up in converted theatres and church halls in places such as Bristol, Weston-Super-Mare, Bangor, and Bedford.
In this newly-released interview, one of the 大象传媒鈥檚 most famous wartime announcers, describes how he watched these plans for 鈥榙ispersal鈥� develop 鈥� and how the removal of whole departments from London began to change the culture of the 大象传媒 in profound ways:
John Snagge鈥檚 account, like many versions of the 大象传媒鈥檚 wartime story, focuses on the experience of senior staff and famous personalities 鈥� like the Head of Drama, Val Gielgud, or the Director of Music, Adrian Boult. But the 大象传媒 Oral History Collection occasionally offers us the testimony of less well-known figures, with very different tales to tell.
In the following interview, we hear from John Daligan, a young lift attendant in Broadcasting House.
Snagge and Gielgud and Boult were among those designated 鈥楥ategory A鈥�, their services to the 大象传媒 judged as vital to its wartime role. Those in Category B were to go home and await a summons. Daligan was in Category C. His services were deemed as no longer required and he was 鈥榝ree鈥� to join the armed forces or one of the main civilian defence organisations.
For him, the beginning of September therefore represented a significant 鈥� and memorable - moment in life:
In his description of the 大象传媒鈥檚 evacuation, Daligan mentions in particular Wood Norton Hall, near Evesham. This was a country house the 大象传媒 had secretly obtained earlier in 1939, not just for several hundred of its programme-makers but as a 鈥榮ubstitute headquarters鈥� for the entire broadcasting operation, should London ever have to be abandoned altogether.
The 大象传媒鈥檚 search for a secluded country base, where it could carry on its work and be in close contact with Government, is revealed in the document below, a 1938 memo the Corporation submitted to the 鈥楥ommittee of Imperial Defence鈥� - which also shows how worried the 大象传媒 was about the threat to its own transmitters:
In time, nearly a thousand of the 大象传媒鈥檚 staff, more than a quarter of its entire workforce, would be based at Wood Norton, or 鈥楬ogsnorton鈥�, as it was soon affectionately called by its new inhabitants.
Among those who arrived that first weekend of September, and whose memories of the time are preserved in the 大象传媒 Oral History Collection, was Clare Lawson Dick, who would become a Controller of Radio 4 in the 1970s, but who back then worked in the 'Registry':
While Clare Lawson Dick enjoyed the panelled library inside the main house at Wood Norton, a large number of other workers were based in outbuildings scattered around the grounds.
Many worked for the 大象传媒鈥檚 new 鈥楳onitoring鈥� unit, which had recently been established there to eavesdrop on the output of foreign radio stations, so that the 大象传媒鈥檚 newsroom, and Government departments, had access to the most up-to-date 鈥榦pen source鈥� intelligence.
This required sensitive aerials to be erected on a nearby hill and an elaborate set of dedicated cables and teleprinters to allow Wood Norton to communicate with London.
The 大象传媒鈥檚 Monitoring service expanded rapidly, which meant the arrival at Wood Norton of more and more foreign-language speakers, many of them refugees from Nazi Germany and occupied Europe.
Along with their new colleagues in Drama, they all needed to be billeted among the bewildered townspeople of nearby Evesham.
One of those charged with making the administrative arrangements was Stuart Williams:
As it turned out, not everyone did need to be at Wood Norton. The evacuation of London, though long envisaged, didn鈥檛 run entirely smoothly. And it was quickly realised that some staff who had been bussed there might need to return.
Among these was Mary Lewis, a young clerk in 鈥楧uplicating鈥�, the section responsible for typing-up and copying programme scripts and important documents:
Mary Lewis鈥檚 hasty trip to Wood Norton, and her equally hasty return to London, spoke volumes about the state of the 大象传媒 as war broke out.
For years, it had been secretly planning for this very moment. In particular, it had set out an elaborate scheme of dispersal and protection designed to withstand an imminent and overwhelming attack from the air.
Yet war rarely unfolds in predictable ways. And in September 1939, the first experience of most British listeners would turn out to be not so much devastation and terror as simple boredom.
Further Reading
- Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume III: The War of Words 1939-1945 (1995)
- Juliet Gardiner, Wartime: Britain 1939-1945 (2004)
- Dorothy Sheridan (ed.), Wartime Women: A Mass Observation Anthology 1937-45 (2000).